BioPAX pathway converted from "Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine" in the Reactome database.Degradation of cysteine and homocysteineThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>LEFT-TO-RIGHT4.4.1.2Homocysteine is degraded to oxobutanoate and H2SThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>H2OwaterReactome DB_ID: 29356cytosolGENE ONTOLOGYGO:0005829water [ChEBI:15377]waterChEBICHEBI:15377Reactome Database ID Release 7529356Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29356ReactomeR-ALL-293565Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-29356.5Reactomehttp://www.reactome.orgCOMPOUNDC00001additional informationMIMI:0361HCYShomocysteineReactome DB_ID: 174369homocysteine [ChEBI:17230]homocysteineChEBICHEBI:17230Reactome Database ID Release 75174369Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=174369ReactomeR-ALL-1743693Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-174369.3NH3ammoniaReactome DB_ID: 29382ammonia [ChEBI:16134]ammoniaChEBICHEBI:16134Reactome Database ID Release 7529382Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29382ReactomeR-ALL-293823Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-29382.3COMPOUNDC000142OBUTA2-oxobutanoate2-oxobutanoic acid2-KetobutyrateReactome DB_ID: 9367142-oxobutanoic acid [ChEBI:30831]2-oxobutanoic acid2-Oxobutyric acid2-Ketobutyric acidalpha-oxo-n-butyric acid3-methyl pyruvic acid2-KETOBUTYRIC ACIDalpha-ketobutyric acidChEBICHEBI:30831Reactome Database ID Release 75936714Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=936714ReactomeR-ALL-9367144Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-936714.4H2Shydrogen sulfideReactome DB_ID: 1614532hydrogen sulfide [ChEBI:16136]hydrogen sulfideChEBICHEBI:16136Reactome Database ID Release 751614532Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614532ReactomeR-ALL-16145323Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-1614532.3ACTIVATIONPXLP-K212-CTH tetramerReactome DB_ID: 9978118CTHPXLP-K212-CTHE2RDY8Reactome DB_ID: 9978116UniProt:E2RDY8CTHCanis familiarisNCBI Taxonomy9615UniProtE2RDY8212EQUALN6-pyridoxal phosphate-L-lysineMODMOD:001281EQUAL405EQUALReactome Database ID Release 759978116Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978116ReactomeR-CFA-16146061Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614606.14Reactome Database ID Release 759978118Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978118ReactomeR-CFA-16252121Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1625212.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0047982gene ontology term for cellular functionMIMI:0355Same Catalyst ActivityReactome Database ID Release 759978146Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978146Reactome Database ID Release 759978148Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978148ReactomeR-CFA-16146311Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614631.1Excess homocysteine will change the enzymatic activity of CBS such that other reactions than transsulfuration take place. In these reactions, oxobutanoate, lanthionine, and homolanthionine are produced by cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH) (Chiku et al. 2009, Steegborn et al. 1999)19261609Pubmed2009H2S biogenesis by human cystathionine gamma-lyase leads to the novel sulfur metabolites lanthionine and homolanthionine and is responsive to the grade of hyperhomocysteinemiaChiku, TPadovani, DZhu, WSingh, SVitvitsky, VBanerjee, RJ Biol Chem 284:11601-1210212249Pubmed1999Kinetics and inhibition of recombinant human cystathionine gamma-lyase. Toward the rational control of transsulfurationSteegborn, CClausen, TSondermann, PJacob, UWorbs, MMarinkovic, SHuber, RWahl, MCJ Biol Chem 274:12675-84inferred from electronic annotationEVIDENCE CODEECO:0000203LEFT-TO-RIGHT4.4.1.1Cysteine is degraded to serine and H2SThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>L-CysL-2-amino-3-mercaptopropionic acidL-cysteine zwitterionL-cysteineReactome DB_ID: 111707L-cysteine zwitterion [ChEBI:35235]L-cysteine zwitterionC3H7NO2S(2R)-2-ammonio-3-sulfanylpropanoate121.15922[NH3+][C@@H](CS)C([O-])=OL-cysteineInChI=1S/C3H7NO2S/c4-2(1-7)3(5)6/h2,7H,1,4H2,(H,5,6)/t2-/m0/s1(2R)-2-ammonio-3-mercaptopropanoateXUJNEKJLAYXESH-REOHCLBHSA-NChEBICHEBI:35235Reactome Database ID Release 75111707Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=111707ReactomeR-ALL-1117074Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-111707.4COMPOUNDC00097SerL-SerL-serine zwitterionL-serineReactome DB_ID: 200736L-serine zwitterion [ChEBI:33384]L-serine zwitterionL-serineInChI=1S/C3H7NO3/c4-2(1-5)3(6)7/h2,5H,1,4H2,(H,6,7)/t2-/m0/s1C3H7NO3105.09262(2S)-2-ammonio-3-hydroxypropanoateMTCFGRXMJLQNBG-REOHCLBHSA-N[NH3+][C@@H](CO)C([O-])=OChEBICHEBI:33384Reactome Database ID Release 75200736Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=200736ReactomeR-ALL-2007365Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-200736.5ACTIVATIONGENE ONTOLOGYGO:0080146Reactome Database ID Release 759978125Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978125Reactome Database ID Release 759978145Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978145ReactomeR-CFA-16146141Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614614.1alpha,beta-elimination activity of cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CTH) replaces the sulfur in cysteine with oxygen from water, resulting in serine and toxic hydrogen sulfide, which is further oxidized in mitochondria (Chiku et al. 2009, Steegborn et al. 1999).LEFT-TO-RIGHT1.13.11.20Cysteine is oxidizedCDO1:Fe2+ oxidises L-Cys to 3-SulfinoalanineThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>O2OxygendioxygenReactome DB_ID: 29368dioxygen [ChEBI:15379]dioxygenChEBICHEBI:15379Reactome Database ID Release 7529368Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29368ReactomeR-ALL-293685Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-29368.5COMPOUNDC000073-Sulfinoalanine3-sulfino-L-alanineReactome DB_ID: 16145193-sulfino-L-alanine [ChEBI:16345]3-sulfino-L-alanineChEBICHEBI:16345Reactome Database ID Release 751614519Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614519ReactomeR-ALL-16145193Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-1614519.3ACTIVATIONCDO1:Fe2+Reactome DB_ID: 9978154CDO1CDO1E2R3U0Reactome DB_ID: 9978152UniProt:E2R3U0CDO1UniProtE2R3U01EQUAL200EQUALReactome Database ID Release 759978152Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978152ReactomeR-CFA-16145861Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614586.11Fe2+iron (ferrous)iron atomFe(II)Fe++IronFe3+Fe(III)Reactome DB_ID: 71067iron(2+) [ChEBI:29033]iron(2+)FE (II) IONFe2+Fe(2+)iron ion(2+)Fe(II)Ferrous ionChEBICHEBI:29033Reactome Database ID Release 7571067Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71067ReactomeR-ALL-710674Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-71067.4COMPOUNDC000231Reactome Database ID Release 759978154Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978154ReactomeR-CFA-16146091Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614609.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0017172Reactome Database ID Release 759978155Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978155Reactome Database ID Release 759978157Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978157ReactomeR-CFA-16146451Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614645.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0019448gene ontology term for cellular processMIMI:0359Oxidation of the thiol moiety of cysteine yields sulfinoalanine, which itself is processed to hypotaurine by an as of yet uncharacterized enzyme in humans . Whether further oxidation of hypotaurine to taurine needs an enzyme is unknown at present (Ye et al. 2007).17135237Pubmed2007An insight into the mechanism of human cysteine dioxygenase. Key roles of the thioether-bonded tyrosine-cysteine cofactorYe, SWu, XWei, LTang, DSun, PBartlam, MarkRao, ZiheJ Biol Chem 282:3391-402LEFT-TO-RIGHT1.13.11.19ADO oxidises 2AET to HTAUThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>2AET2-aminoethanethiolcysteamineReactome DB_ID: 6814151cysteamine [ChEBI:17141]cysteamineChEBICHEBI:17141Reactome Database ID Release 756814151Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6814151ReactomeR-ALL-68141513Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-6814151.3HTAUhypotaurineReactome DB_ID: 1655445hypotaurine [ChEBI:16668]hypotaurineChEBICHEBI:16668Reactome Database ID Release 751655445Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1655445ReactomeR-ALL-16554454Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-1655445.4H+protonhydronReactome DB_ID: 70106hydron [ChEBI:15378]hydronChEBICHEBI:15378Reactome Database ID Release 7570106Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=70106ReactomeR-ALL-701064Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-70106.4COMPOUNDC00080ACTIVATIONADO:Fe2+Reactome DB_ID: 10014108ADOADOE2RLA7Reactome DB_ID: 10014106UniProt:E2RLA7ADOUniProtE2RLA71EQUAL270EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7510014106Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10014106ReactomeR-CFA-68141491Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-6814149.111Reactome Database ID Release 7510014108Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10014108ReactomeR-CFA-68141561Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-6814156.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0047800Reactome Database ID Release 7510014109Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10014109Reactome Database ID Release 7510014111Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10014111ReactomeR-CFA-68141531Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-6814153.1Cysteine metabolism to its sulfoxidation end-products is dependent upon two iron-dependent enzymes that are the only known mammalian thiol dioxygenases. These two thiol dioxygenases are cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) and 2-aminoethanethiol dioxygenase (ADO, cysteamine dioxygenase ). Both of these thiol dioxygenases are essential for hypotaurine and taurine biosynthesis. ADO adds molecular oxygen to the sulfhydryl group of 2-aminoethanethiol (2AET, cysteamine) to form the sulfinic acid hypotaurine (HTAU) (Dominy et al. 2007).17581819Pubmed2007Discovery and characterization of a second mammalian thiol dioxygenase, cysteamine dioxygenaseDominy, John ESimmons, Chad RHirschberger, Lawrence LHwang, JesseColoso, Relicardo MStipanuk, Martha HJ. Biol. Chem. 282:25189-98LEFT-TO-RIGHT4.1.1PXLP-K333-GADL1 decarboxylates CSA to HTAUThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>CSAL-cysteinesulfinic acid3-sulfino-L-alanineReactome DB_ID: 6787748Reactome Database ID Release 756787748Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6787748ReactomeR-ALL-67877483Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-6787748.3CO2carbon dioxideReactome DB_ID: 113528carbon dioxide [ChEBI:16526]carbon dioxideChEBICHEBI:16526Reactome Database ID Release 75113528Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113528ReactomeR-ALL-1135283Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-113528.3COMPOUNDC00011ACTIVATIONPXLP-K333-GADL1 dimerReactome DB_ID: 10007718GADL1PXLP-K333-GADL1J9NXY5Reactome DB_ID: 10007716UniProt:J9NXY5GADL1UniProtJ9NXY5333EQUAL1EQUAL521EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7510007716Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10007716ReactomeR-CFA-67876921Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-6787692.12Reactome Database ID Release 7510007718Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10007718ReactomeR-CFA-67877551Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-6787755.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0016831Reactome Database ID Release 7510007719Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10007719Reactome Database ID Release 7510014113Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10014113ReactomeR-CFA-68141651Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-6814165.1Acidic amino acid decarboxylase GADL1 (GADL1) can decarboxylate acidic amino acids such as cysteine sulfinic acid (CSA) to form hypotaurine (HTAU) (Liu et al. 2012, 2013). The dimeric structure of the enzyme is inferred from studies of its mouse homolog (Raasakka et al. 2018).22718265Pubmed2013Mechanism of cysteine-dependent inactivation of aspartate/glutamate/cysteine sulfinic acid α-decarboxylasesLiu, PingyangTorrens-Spence, Michael PDing, HaizhenChristensen, Bruce MLi, JAmino Acids 44:391-40423038267Pubmed2012Role of glutamate decarboxylase-like protein 1 (GADL1) in taurine biosynthesisLiu, PingyangGe, XiaomeiDing, HaizhenJiang, HonglinChristensen, Bruce MLi, JJ. Biol. Chem. 287:40898-90629372909Pubmed2018Structure of the mouse acidic amino acid decarboxylase GADL1Raasakka, ArneMahootchi, ElahehWinge, IngeborgLuan, WeishaKursula, PHaavik, JanActa Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 74:65-73LEFT-TO-RIGHT4.4Excess homocysteine yields homolanthionine and H2SThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>2HLANL-homolanthionineReactome DB_ID: 1614594L-homolanthionine [ChEBI:62856]L-homolanthionineChEBICHEBI:62856Reactome Database ID Release 751614594Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614594ReactomeR-ALL-16145944Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-1614594.4ACTIVATIONGENE ONTOLOGYGO:0016846Reactome Database ID Release 759978119Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978119Reactome Database ID Release 759978121Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978121ReactomeR-CFA-16145671Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614567.1Excess homocysteine will change the enzymatic activity of CBS such that other reactions than transsulfuration take place. In these reactions, oxobutanoate, lanthionine, and homolanthionine are produced by cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH) (Chiku et al. 2009, Steegborn et al. 1999)ACTIVATIONReactome Database ID Release 751655890Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1655890ReactomeR-HSA-16558901Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-1655890.1LEFT-TO-RIGHT4.4.1.1Excess cysteine yields lanthionine and H2SThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>2L-LanthionineReactome DB_ID: 1614582L-lanthionine [ChEBI:21347]L-lanthionine(R,R)-2,6-diamino-4-thiaheptanedioic acid(R)-S-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine3,3'-thiobis-L-alanine(R,R)-3,3'-thiobis-(2-aminopropanoic acid)(R,R)-bis(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)sulfideChEBICHEBI:21347Reactome Database ID Release 751614582Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614582ReactomeR-ALL-16145822Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-1614582.2ACTIVATIONReactome Database ID Release 759978127Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978127ReactomeR-CFA-16145911Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614591.1Excess homocysteine will change the enzymatic activity of CBS such that other reactions than transsulfuration take place. In these reactions, oxobutanoate, lanthionine, and homolanthionine are produced by cystathionine gamma-lyase (CTH) (Chiku et al. 2009, Steegborn et al. 1999)ACTIVATIONReactome Database ID Release 751655888Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1655888ReactomeR-HSA-16558881Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-1655888.1LEFT-TO-RIGHT2.8.1.2MPST transfers sulfur atom from 3MPYR to form CysS248-MPSTThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>MPSTMPSTE2RJF7Reactome DB_ID: 10023878mitochondrial matrixGENE ONTOLOGYGO:0005759UniProt:E2RJF7MPSTUniProtE2RJF72EQUAL297EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7510023878Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10023878ReactomeR-CFA-90127201Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-9012720.13MPYR3-mercaptopyruvate3-mercaptopyruvic acidReactome DB_ID: 90125923-mercaptopyruvic acid [ChEBI:16208]3-mercaptopyruvic acidChEBICHEBI:16208Reactome Database ID Release 759012592Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9012592ReactomeR-ALL-90125923Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-9012592.3PYRPyruvatepyruvic acid2-Oxopropanoate2-Oxopropanoic acidPyroracemic acidReactome DB_ID: 113557pyruvate [ChEBI:15361]pyruvate2-oxopropanoate2-oxopropanoic acid, ion(1-)ChEBICHEBI:15361Reactome Database ID Release 75113557Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113557ReactomeR-ALL-1135574Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-113557.4COMPOUNDC00022MPSTCysS248-MPSTE2RJF7Reactome DB_ID: 10024660248EQUALL-cysteine persulfideMODMOD:002742EQUAL297EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7510024660Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10024660ReactomeR-CFA-90349131Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-9034913.1ACTIVATIONGENE ONTOLOGYGO:0016784Reactome Database ID Release 7510023879Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10023879Reactome Database ID Release 7510024662Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10024662ReactomeR-CFA-90347561Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-9034756.1Hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn, where n>=2) are also endogenously produced by 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST aka 3MST) directly from 3-mercaptopyruvate (3MPYR) generated by cysteine (aspartate) aminotransferase (GOT2) (Kimura et al. 2013, Kimura et al. 2015, Koike et al. 2017). Where n=2, the H2S2 species is called hydrogen persulfide (aka disulfane). MPST can release either H2S or H2Sn depending on the interaction with thioredoxin. When there is strong interaction with thioredoxin, H2S is released. 3MST receives sulfur from 3MPYR to persulfurate (oxidise) cysteine-248 residue of its reaction centre. H2S2 is the dominant form produced with H2S3 detected at lower concentrations in cells or tissues. Up to H2S35 may exist (Steudel 2003), but under physiological conditions, when n reaches 8, it forms a crown shape and precipitates. H2Sn activate transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channels (Kimura et al. 2013), facilitate translocation of nuclear factor like-2 (NRF2) to the nucleus by modifying its binding partner kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) (Koike et al. 2013), regulates the activity of the tumor suppressor phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) (Greiner et al. 2013), and reduces blood pressure by activating protein kinase G1a (Stubbert et al. 2014). Another persulfurated molecule, cysteine persulfide, which may be involved in the regulation of cellular redox homeostasis, is also produced by MPST (Kimura et al. 2017).29055825Pubmed2017Analysis of endogenous H2S and H2Sn in mouse brain by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and tandem mass spectrometric detectionKoike, ShinKawamura, KumikoKimura, YukaShibuya, NorihiroKimura, HideoOgasawara, YukiFree Radic. Biol. Med. 113:355-36223646934Pubmed2013Polysulfides link H2S to protein thiol oxidationGreiner, RomyPálinkás, ZoltánBäsell, KatrinBecher, DörteAntelmann, HaikeNagy, PéterDick, Tobias PAntioxid. Redox Signal. 19:1749-6526437775Pubmed2015Identification of H2S3 and H2S produced by 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in the brainKimura, YukaToyofuku, YukikoKoike, ShinShibuya, NorihiroNagahara, NoriyukiLefer, DavidOgasawara, YukiKimura, HideoSci Rep 5:1477425267801Pubmed2014Protein kinase G Iα oxidation paradoxically underlies blood pressure lowering by the reductant hydrogen sulfideStubbert, DanielPrysyazhna, OleksandraRudyk, OlenaScotcher, JennaBurgoyne, Joseph REaton, PhilipHypertension 64:1344-5128874874Pubmed20173-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase produces potential redox regulators cysteine- and glutathione-persulfide (Cys-SSH and GSSH) together with signaling molecules H2S2, H2S3 and H2SKimura, YukaKoike, ShinShibuya, NorihiroLefer, DavidOgasawara, YukiKimura, HideoSci Rep 7:1045927484215Pubmed2016Hydrogen polysulfide (H2S n ) signaling along with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO)Kimura, HideoJ Neural Transm (Vienna) 123:1235-124523413359Pubmed2013Polysulfides are possible H2S-derived signaling molecules in rat brainKimura, YukaMikami, YoshinoriOsumi, KimikoTsugane, MamikoOka, Jun-ichiroKimura, HideoFASEB J. 27:2451-7978-3-540-44951-5ISBN2003Inorganic Polysulfanes H2Sn with n > 1Steudel, RalfElemental Sulfur und Sulfur-Rich Compounds II (Book): 99-12624055470Pubmed2013Polysulfide exerts a protective effect against cytotoxicity caused by t-buthylhydroperoxide through Nrf2 signaling in neuroblastoma cellsKoike, ShinOgasawara, YukiShibuya, NorihiroKimura, HideoIshii, KazuyukiFEBS Lett. 587:3548-55LEFT-TO-RIGHTTXN2 binds CysS248-MPSTThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>TXN2TXN2E2RDT8Reactome DB_ID: 9990556UniProt:E2RDT8TXN2UniProtE2RDT860EQUAL166EQUALReactome Database ID Release 759990556Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9990556ReactomeR-CFA-33230481Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-3323048.1CysS248-MPST:TXN2Reactome DB_ID: 1002466411Reactome Database ID Release 7510024664Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10024664ReactomeR-CFA-90354801Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-9035480.1Reactome Database ID Release 7510024666Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10024666ReactomeR-CFA-90352271Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-9035227.1A polysulfur chain may be produced at the catalytic site of CysS248-MPST. H2Sn is released after CysS248-MPST binds mitochondrial thioredoxin (TXN2) (Smeets et al. 2005, Yadav et al. 2013, Holzerova et al. 2016). The length of the sulfur chain released from MPST may vary depending on the availability of thioredoxin (Kimura 2016). When the interaction between MPST and thioredoxin is strong, the shorter form H2S can be released.26626369Pubmed2016Human thioredoxin 2 deficiency impairs mitochondrial redox homeostasis and causes early-onset neurodegenerationHolzerova, EliskaDanhauser, KatharinaHaack, Tobias BKremer, Laura SMelcher, MarlenIngold, IrinaKobayashi, ShoTerrile, CaterinaWolf, PetraSchaper, JörgMayatepek, EBaertling, FabianFriedmann Angeli, José PedroConrad, MarcusStrom, TMMeitinger, TProkisch, HDistelmaier, FelixBrain 139:346-5424800864Pubmed2015Signaling molecules: hydrogen sulfide and polysulfideKimura, HideoAntioxid. Redox Signal. 22:362-7616195549Pubmed2005Crystal structures of oxidized and reduced forms of human mitochondrial thioredoxin 2Smeets, AudeEvrard, ChristineLandtmeters, MarieMarchand, CécileKnoops, BernardDeclercq, Jean-PaulProtein Sci. 14:2610-2123698001Pubmed2013Structure and kinetic analysis of H2S production by human mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferaseYadav, Pramod KumarYamada, KazuhiroChiku, TauraiKoutmos, MarkosBanerjee, RumaJ. Biol. Chem. 288:20002-13LEFT-TO-RIGHTCysS248-MPST:TXN2 dissociatesThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>TXN22xHC-TXN2E2RDT8Reactome DB_ID: 999055990EQUALL-cystine (cross-link)MODMOD:0003460EQUAL166EQUALReactome Database ID Release 759990559Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9990559ReactomeR-CFA-33230591Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-3323059.1H2Shydrogen sulfideReactome DB_ID: 1655881Reactome Database ID Release 751655881Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1655881ReactomeR-ALL-16558813Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-1655881.3Reactome Database ID Release 7510024668Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10024668ReactomeR-CFA-90354841Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-9035484.1A polysulfur chain may be produced at the catalytic site of CysS248-MPST. H2Sn is released after CysS248-MPST binds mitochondrial thioredoxin (TXN2) (Smeets et al. 2005, Yadav et al. 2013, Holzerova et al. 2016). The length of the sulfur chain released from MPST may vary depending on the availability of thioredoxin (Kimura 2016). When the interaction between MPST and thioredoxin is strong, the shorter form H2S can be released. Thioredoxin is now in the oxidised, disulfide form (HC-TXN2) and can be reduced by thioredoxin reductase in the presence of NADPH (Smeets et al. 2005, Yadav et al. 2013).LEFT-TO-RIGHT2.8.1.2MPST transfers sulfur atom from 3MPYR to HSO3- to form S2O3(2-) and PYRThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>HSO3-hydrogensulfiteReactome DB_ID: 9012724hydrogensulfite [ChEBI:17137]hydrogensulfiteChEBICHEBI:17137Reactome Database ID Release 759012724Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9012724ReactomeR-ALL-90127243Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-9012724.3S2O3(2-)thiosulfate(2-)Reactome DB_ID: 1614595thiosulfate(2-) [ChEBI:16094]thiosulfate(2-)Hyposulfitethiosulphatethiosulfate ion(2-)trioxido-1kappa(3)O-disulfate(S--S)(2-)ThiosulfateTETRATHIONATES2O3(2-)[SO3S](2-)ChEBICHEBI:16094Reactome Database ID Release 751614595Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614595ReactomeR-ALL-16145953Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-1614595.3ACTIVATIONReactome Database ID Release 7510023881Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10023881ReactomeR-CFA-90127211Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-9012721.1Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produced endogenously has been established as the third gaseous signaling molecule, a smooth muscle relaxant and a neuroprotectant (Kimura 2011a, 2011b). Three enzyme systems produce H2S in the brain, retina and vascular endothelial cells (Shibuya et al. 2009a, 2009b, Mikami et al. 2011). 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase (MPST, aka 3MST) in conjunction with cysteine (aspartate) aminotransferase (CAT, aka GOT2) is decribed here. In the second step, 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST aka 3MST) mediates the transfer of a sulfur atom from 3-methylpryuvate (3MPYR) to hydrogensulfite (HSO3-) to form thiosulfate (S2O3(2-)) and pyruvate (PYR) (Yadav et al. 2013). 21937432Pubmed2011Hydrogen sulfide protects the retina from light-induced degeneration by the modulation of Ca2+ influxMikami, YoshinoriShibuya, NorihiroKimura, YukaNagahara, NoriyukiYamada, MasahiroKimura, HideoJ. Biol. Chem. 286:39379-8619605461Pubmed2009Vascular endothelium expresses 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase and produces hydrogen sulfideShibuya, NorihiroMikami, YoshinoriKimura, YukaNagahara, NoriyukiKimura, HideoJ. Biochem. 146:623-620191298Pubmed2011Hydrogen sulfide: its production, release and functionsKimura, HideoAmino Acids 41:113-2118855522Pubmed20093-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase produces hydrogen sulfide and bound sulfane sulfur in the brainShibuya, NorihiroTanaka, MakikoYoshida, MikiharuOgasawara, YukiTogawa, TadayasuIshii, KazuyukiKimura, HideoAntioxid. Redox Signal. 11:703-1421527544Pubmed2011Hydrogen sulfide: its production and functionsKimura, HideoExp. Physiol. 96:833-5LEFT-TO-RIGHT2.8.1.2MPST transfers sulfur from 3MPYR to HCN to form HSCNThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>HCNhydrogen cyanideReactome DB_ID: 9013199hydrogen cyanide [ChEBI:18407]hydrogen cyanideChEBICHEBI:18407Reactome Database ID Release 759013199Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9013199ReactomeR-ALL-90131993Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-9013199.3HSCNthiocyanic acidReactome DB_ID: 9013191thiocyanic acid [ChEBI:29200]thiocyanic acidChEBICHEBI:29200Reactome Database ID Release 759013191Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9013191ReactomeR-ALL-90131913Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-9013191.3ACTIVATIONReactome Database ID Release 7510023892Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10023892ReactomeR-CFA-90134711Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-9013471.1Cyanide is a potent metabolic poison which binds to and inhibits cytochrome c oxidase (cytochrome a3), resulting in the rapid inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (Hall & Rumack 1986). As a result, cells can't utilise oxygen, giving rise to central nervous system, cardiovascular and respiratory dysfunction that can result in permanent neurological defects and, in severe cases, death. At body's pH, cyanide exists mainly in the undissociated form hydrogen cyanide (HCN) which can cross cellular and subcellular membranes such as the blood brain barrier and mitochondrial membranes. Although humans aren't typically exposed to toxic levels of cyanide, cyanide intoxication can occur after smoke inhalation, industrial exposure, ingestion of cyanogenic substances and cyanogenic food sources such as cassava. Antidotes for HCN poisoning cases include HCN binders, sulfur donors that convert HCN to the less toxic thiosulfate and competitors for HCN enzymatic binding sites such as NO (Nagahara et al. 1999, Petrikovics et al. 2015). Two pathways in mammals are able to detoxify cyanide as thiocyanate via transfer of a sulfur atom: thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST aka rhodanese) in mitochondria and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST aka 3MST) in cytosol and mitochondria. MPST mediates the transfer of a sulfur atom from 3-methylpryuvate (3MPYR) to HCN to form the less toxic thiocyanic acid (HSCN) (Himwich & Saunders 1948, Zottola 2009, Moeller et al. 2017). HSCN can be excreted in urine via the kidneys (Hamel 2011). Although the primary role of MPST is not cyanide detoxification, a large body of animal data has demonstrated cyanide is rapidly converted to thiocyanate in vivo when 3MPYR is administered, even in species with low MPST activity (Brenner et al. 2010, Belani et al. 2012).26140275Pubmed2015Past, present and future of cyanide antagonism research: From the early remedies to the current therapiesPetrikovics, IlonaBudai, MariannaKovacs, KristofThompson, David EWorld J Methodol 5:88-10010506943Pubmed1999Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase as a defense against cyanide toxication: molecular properties and mode of detoxificationNagahara, NIto, TMinami, MHistol. Histopathol. 14:1277-8619625201Pubmed2009A partial exploration of the potential energy surfaces of SCN and HSCN: implications for the enzyme-mediated detoxification of cyanideZottola, Mark AJ. Mol. Graph. Model. 28:183-620705081Pubmed2010Sulfanegen sodium treatment in a rabbit model of sub-lethal cyanide toxicityBrenner, MatthewKim, Jae GLee, JangwoenMahon, Sari BLemor, DanielAhdout, RebeccaBoss, GRBlackledge, WilliamJann, LaurenNagasawa, Herbert TPatterson, Steven EToxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 248:269-7621285466Pubmed2011A review of acute cyanide poisoning with a treatment updateHamel, JillianCrit Care Nurse 31:72-81; quiz 8218872649Pubmed1948Enzymatic conversion of cyanide to thiocyanateHIMWICH, W ASAUNDERS, J PAm. J. Physiol. 153:348-5422392971Pubmed2012Cyanide toxicity in juvenile pigs and its reversal by a new prodrug, sulfanegen sodiumBelani, Kumar GSingh, HarpreetBeebe, David SGeorge, PreetaPatterson, Steven ENagasawa, Herbert TVince, RobertAnesth. Analg. 114:956-613526995Pubmed1986Clinical toxicology of cyanideHall, A HRumack, B HAnn Emerg Med 15:1067-7428412453Pubmed2017In-vitro mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase species comparison in humans and common laboratory animalsMoeller, Bryant MCrankshaw, Daune LBriggs, JacquieNagasawa, Herbert TPatterson, Steven EToxicol. Lett. 274:64-68LEFT-TO-RIGHT2.8.1.2MPST transfers sulfur from sulfanegen to HCN to form HSCNThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>2sulfanegenReactome DB_ID: 9013543Sulfanegen [PubChem Compound:24830990]SulfanegenPubChem Compound24830990Reactome Database ID Release 759013543Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9013543ReactomeR-ALL-90135432Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-9013543.2ChEBI13817022ACTIVATIONReactome Database ID Release 7510023894Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10023894ReactomeR-CFA-90135331Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-9013533.1Cyanide is a potent metabolic poison which binds to and inhibits cytochrome c oxidase (cytochrome a3), resulting in the rapid inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (Hall & Rumack 1986). As a result, cells can't utilise oxygen, giving rise to central nervous system, cardiovascular and respiratory dysfunction that can result in permanent neurological defects and, in severe cases, death. At body's pH, cyanide exists mainly in the undissociated form hydrogen cyanide (HCN) which can cross cellular and subcellular membranes such as the blood brain barrier and mitochondrial membranes. Although humans are not typically exposed to cyanide, cyanide intoxication can occur after smoke inhalation, industrial exposure, ingestion of cyanogenic substances and cyanogenic food sources such as cassava. Antidotes for HCN poisoning cases include HCN binders, sulfur donors that convert HCN to the less toxic thiosulfate and competitors for HCN enzymatic binding sites such as NO (Petrikovics et al. 2015). Two pathways in mammals are able to detoxify cyanide as thiocyanate via transfer of a sulfur atom: thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST aka rhodanese) in mitochondria and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST aka 3MST) in cytosol and mitochondria. 3MPYR has been investigated for the potential treatment of HCN poisoning but its half life is very short, being rapidly metabolised when given intravenously (Nagahara & Sawada 2003). Also, it is a metabolite of cysteine metabolism but cysteine is present in low amounts in the brain and heart, limiting the ability of MPST to be effective in acute HCN poisoning. The pro-drug sulfanegen is the hemithioacetal cyclic dimer of 3MPYR and has been demonstrated to be effective against HCN poisoning in animal studies (Brenner et al. 2010, Belani et al. 2012). Sulfanegen provides the sulfur atom for the transsulfuration of HCN by MPST (Belani et al. 2012). HSCN can be excreted in urine via the kidneys (Hamel 2011). In a mass exposure scenario (such as terrorism or industrial accident), a rapidly-acting antidote that can be administered quickly to a large number of people is essential; sulfanegen can be rapidly administered by intramuscular injection (Patterson et al. 2016). 27308865Pubmed2016Development of sulfanegen for mass cyanide casualtiesPatterson, Steven EMoeller, BryantNagasawa, Herbert TVince, RobertCrankshaw, Daune LBriggs, JacquieStutelberg, Michael WVinnakota, Chakravarthy VLogue, Brian AAnn. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1374:202-912871026Pubmed2003Do antidotes for acute cyanide poisoning act on mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase to facilitate detoxification?Nagahara, NoriyukiLi, QingSawada, NoriCurr. Drug Targets Immune Endocr. Metabol. Disord. 3:198-204LEFT-TO-RIGHT2.8.1.1TST transfers sulfur from S2O3(2-) to HCN to form HSCNThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>SO3(2-)sulfiteReactome DB_ID: 9013207sulfite [ChEBI:17359]sulfiteChEBICHEBI:17359Reactome Database ID Release 759013207Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9013207ReactomeR-ALL-90132073Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-9013207.3ACTIVATIONTSTTSTE2RJF4Reactome DB_ID: 10023887UniProt:E2RJF4TSTUniProtE2RJF42EQUAL297EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7510023887Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10023887ReactomeR-CFA-16145311Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614531.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0004792Reactome Database ID Release 7510023888Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10023888Reactome Database ID Release 7510023890Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10023890ReactomeR-CFA-90131981Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-9013198.1Cyanide is a potent metabolic poison, a major component of which is binding to and inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase (cytochrome a3), resulting in the rapid inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (Hall & Rumack 1986). As a result, cells can't utilise oxygen, giving rise to central nervous system, cardiovascular and respiratory dysfunction that can result in permanent neurological defects and, in severe cases, death. At body's pH, cyanide exists mainly in the undissociated form hydrogen cyanide (HCN) which can cross cellular and subcellular membranes such as the blood brain barrier and mitochondrial membranes. Cyanide intoxication can occur after smoke inhalation, industrial exposure, ingestion of cyanogenic substances and cyanogenic food sources such as cassava. Antidotes for HCN poisoning cases include HCN binders, sulfur donors that convert HCN to the less toxic thiosulfate and competitors for HCN enzymatic binding sites such as NO (Petrikovics et al. 2015). Two pathways in mammals are able to detoxify cyanide as thiocyanate via transfer of a sulfur atom: thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (TST aka rhodanese) in mitochondria and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST aka 3MST) in cytosol and mitochondria. TST can act to detoxify HCN by transsulfuration, that is mediating the transfer of a sulfur atom from thiosulfate (S2O3(2-)) to HCN to form the less toxic thiocyanic acid (HSCN) (Himwich & Saunders 1948, Aita et al. 1997, Zottola 2009). HSCN can be excreted in urine via the kidneys (Hamel 2011).9070219Pubmed1997Cloning and expression of human liver rhodanese cDNAAita, NIshii, KAkamatsu, YOgasawara, YTanabe, SBiochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 231:56-60Sulfide oxidation to sulfateThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>LEFT-TO-RIGHT1.13.11.18Persulfide sulfur is dioxygenatedThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>SQORCysS-SQRDL(1-450)E2QTQ8Reactome DB_ID: 9978132mitochondrial inner membraneGENE ONTOLOGYGO:0005743UniProt:E2QTQ8SQORUniProtE2QTQ8201EQUAL1EQUAL450EQUALReactome Database ID Release 759978132Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978132ReactomeR-CFA-16145761Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614576.12H2OwaterReactome DB_ID: 113521Reactome Database ID Release 75113521Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113521ReactomeR-ALL-1135213Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-113521.3COMPOUNDC000012O2OxygendioxygenReactome DB_ID: 113533Reactome Database ID Release 75113533Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113533ReactomeR-ALL-1135333Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-113533.3COMPOUNDC000072SQORSQRDL(1-450)E2QTQ8Reactome DB_ID: 99781341EQUAL450EQUALReactome Database ID Release 759978134Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978134ReactomeR-CFA-16146461Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614646.12H+hydronReactome DB_ID: 113529Reactome Database ID Release 75113529Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113529ReactomeR-ALL-1135294Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-113529.4COMPOUNDC000804sulfitesulfite(2-)Reactome DB_ID: 1614538Reactome Database ID Release 751614538Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614538ReactomeR-ALL-16145383Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-1614538.32ACTIVATIONETHE1:2Zn2+Reactome DB_ID: 9978140Zn2+Zn++zinc(2+)Zinc ionZn(II)Reactome DB_ID: 880067zinc(2+) [ChEBI:29105]zinc(2+)ChEBICHEBI:29105Reactome Database ID Release 75880067Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=880067ReactomeR-ALL-8800673Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-880067.3COMPOUNDC000382ETHE1ETHE1E2RFL0Reactome DB_ID: 9978138UniProt:E2RFL0ETHE1UniProtE2RFL013EQUAL254EQUALReactome Database ID Release 759978138Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978138ReactomeR-CFA-16146281Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614628.11Reactome Database ID Release 759978140Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978140ReactomeR-CFA-16145211Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614521.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0050313Reactome Database ID Release 759978141Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978141Reactome Database ID Release 759978143Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978143ReactomeR-CFA-16146051Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614605.1The sulfur dioxygenase ETHE1 converts persulfides to sulfite. Loss of this activity leads to the rare ethylmalonyl encephalopathy where the body can no longer detoxify H2S (Tiranti et al, 2009).19136963Pubmed2009Loss of ETHE1, a mitochondrial dioxygenase, causes fatal sulfide toxicity in ethylmalonic encephalopathyTiranti, VViscomi, CHildebrandt, TDi Meo, IMineri, RTiveron, CLevitt, MDPrelle, AFagiolari, GRimoldi, MZeviani, MNat Med 15:200-5LEFT-TO-RIGHT2.8.1.3Thiosulfate can transfer its sulfur atom to glutathioneThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>GSHReduced glutathioneglutathione5-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycineN-(N-gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycinegamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycineReactome DB_ID: 1655887glutathione [ChEBI:16856]glutathioneChEBICHEBI:16856Reactome Database ID Release 751655887Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1655887ReactomeR-ALL-16558873Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-1655887.3COMPOUNDC000512GSSGoxidized glutathioneglutathione disulfideReactome DB_ID: 1655882glutathione disulfide [ChEBI:17858]glutathione disulfideChEBICHEBI:17858Reactome Database ID Release 751655882Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1655882ReactomeR-ALL-16558823Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-1655882.3COMPOUNDC00127ACTIVATIONTSTD1TSTD1E2RCN0Reactome DB_ID: 9978489UniProt:E2RCN0TSTD1UniProtE2RCN01EQUAL115EQUALReactome Database ID Release 759978489Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978489ReactomeR-CFA-90145291Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-9014529.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0050337Reactome Database ID Release 759978490Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978490Reactome Database ID Release 759978492Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978492ReactomeR-CFA-16558791Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1655879.1Thiosulfate is able to transfer its sulfur atom to glutathione, a reaction investigated in yeast (Chauncey & Westley 1983). Recombinant human thiosulfate sulfurtransferase/rhodanese-like domain-containing protein 1 (TSTD1 aka KAT1) (and its yeast equivalent RDL1) catalyse a predicted thiosulfate-dependent conversion of glutathione (GSH) to glutathione disulfide (GSSG) (Melideo et al. 2014).24981631Pubmed2014Biosynthesis of a central intermediate in hydrogen sulfide metabolism by a novel human sulfurtransferase and its yeast orthologMelideo, Scott LJackson, Michael RJorns, Marilyn SchumanBiochemistry 53:4739-536361026Pubmed1983The catalytic mechanism of yeast thiosulfate reductaseChauncey, TRWestley, JJ Biol Chem 258:15037-45LEFT-TO-RIGHT1.8.3.1Sulfite is oxidized to sulfateThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>H2O2hydrogen peroxideReactome DB_ID: 1614617hydrogen peroxide [ChEBI:16240]hydrogen peroxideChEBICHEBI:16240Reactome Database ID Release 751614617Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614617ReactomeR-ALL-16146173Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-1614617.3SO4(2-)sulfateReactome DB_ID: 1614584sulfate [ChEBI:16189]sulfateChEBICHEBI:16189Reactome Database ID Release 751614584Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614584ReactomeR-ALL-16145843Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-1614584.3ACTIVATIONholo-SUOXReactome DB_ID: 9978106SUOXSUOXF1PVD4Reactome DB_ID: 9978104UniProt:F1PVD4SUOXUniProtF1PVD480EQUAL545EQUALReactome Database ID Release 759978104Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978104ReactomeR-CFA-16145701Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614570.12MoCo (dioxyo)molybdopterin cofactorReactome DB_ID: 1614549molybdopterin cofactor [ChEBI:25372]molybdopterin cofactormolybdopterin cofactorsChEBICHEBI:25372Reactome Database ID Release 751614549Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1614549ReactomeR-ALL-16145493Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-1614549.32Reactome Database ID Release 759978106Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978106ReactomeR-CFA-16146361Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614636.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0008482Reactome Database ID Release 759978107Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978107Reactome Database ID Release 759978109Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978109ReactomeR-CFA-16145441Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614544.1Sulfite oxidase oxidizes sulfite to sulfate which is among the most important macronutrients in cells and the fourth most abundant anion in human plasma (300 micromolar). The enzyme has a molybdenum-molybdopterin cofactor (MoCo) bound (Wilson et al. 2006, Feng et al. 2007).17459792Pubmed2007Sulfite oxidizing enzymesFeng, CTollin, GEnemark, JHBiochim Biophys Acta 1774:527-3916475804Pubmed2006The G473D mutation impairs dimerization and catalysis in human sulfite oxidaseWilson, HLWilkinson, SRRajagopalan, KVBiochemistry 45:2149-60LEFT-TO-RIGHTSulfate is exported to the cytosol in exchange for dicarboxylateThis event has been computationally inferred from an event that has been demonstrated in another species.The inference is based on the homology mapping from PANTHER. Briefly, reactions for which all involved PhysicalEntities (in input, output and catalyst) have a mapped orthologue/paralogue (for complexes at least 75% of components must have a mapping) are inferred to the other species. High level events are also inferred for these events to allow for easier navigation.<a href='/electronic_inference_compara.html' target = 'NEW'>More details and caveats of the event inference in Reactome.</a> For details on PANTHER see also: <a href='http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp' target='NEW'>http://www.pantherdb.org/about.jsp</a>MAL(S)-Malate(S)-malic acidL-MalateL-Apple acidL-Malic acidL-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acidReactome DB_ID: 198498(S)-malic acid [ChEBI:30797](S)-malic acidChEBICHEBI:30797Reactome Database ID Release 75198498Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=198498ReactomeR-ALL-1984983Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-198498.3COMPOUNDC00149MAL(S)-Malate(S)-malic acidL-MalateL-Apple acidL-Malic acidL-2-Hydroxybutanedioic acidReactome DB_ID: 113544Reactome Database ID Release 75113544Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113544ReactomeR-ALL-1135443Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-113544.3COMPOUNDC00149SO4(2-)inorganic sulfatesulfateSulphateReactome DB_ID: 174375Reactome Database ID Release 75174375Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=174375ReactomeR-ALL-1743753Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-174375.3ACTIVATIONF6XRN5SLC25A10SLC25A10Reactome DB_ID: 9955643UniProt:F6XRN5SLC25A10UniProtF6XRN51EQUAL287EQUALReactome Database ID Release 759955643Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9955643ReactomeR-CFA-3728481Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-372848.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0005310Reactome Database ID Release 759955644Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9955644Reactome Database ID Release 759978111Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=9978111ReactomeR-CFA-16145461Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614546.1Sulfate leaves the mitochondrion with the help of the dicarboxylate carrier, via antiport with malate (Crompton et al. 1974, Fiemont et al. 1999)10585886Pubmed1999Organization and sequence of the gene for the human mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier: evolution of the carrier familyFiermonte, GiuseppeDolce, VArrigoni, RRunswick, MJWalker, JEPalmieri, FerdinandoBiochem J 344:953-604441366Pubmed1974The transport of sulphate and sulphite in rat liver mitochondriaCrompton, MPalmieri, FerdinandoCapano, MQuagliariello, EBiochem J 142:127-37Reactome Database ID Release 7510028875Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10028875ReactomeR-CFA-16145171Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614517.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0070221While the human body is very economical with sulfur amino acids (SAA), superfluous SAA are degraded via cysteine to toxic hydrogen sulfide which must be dealt with. The pathway to oxidize this gas is localized to mitochondria and is highly conserved, pointing back to a time when life was immersed in sulfide-rich waters. The pathway for sulfide oxidation consists of five reactions, one of which, the sulfur transfer from thiosulfate to glutathione, is still to be characterized fully. A mutation in one enzyme has been identified that is associated with ethylmalonyl encephalopathy and where tissue sulfide is elevated (Stipanuk & Ueki 2011).20162368Pubmed2011Dealing with methionine/homocysteine sulfur: cysteine metabolism to taurine and inorganic sulfurStipanuk, MHUeki, IJ Inherit Metab Dis 34:17-32Reactome Database ID Release 7510028877Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=10028877ReactomeR-CFA-16145581Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-CFA-1614558.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0000098While in humans excess methionine is converted to homocysteine, homocysteine and its transsulfuration product cysteine can be degraded to several end products, two of which, taurine and hydrogen sulfide, have uses in other biological processes (Stipanuk & Ueki 2011).