BioPAX pathway converted from "3' incision by ERCC5 (XPG) in TC-NER" in the Reactome database.LEFT-TO-RIGHT3' incision by ERCC5 (XPG) in TC-NERIn transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER), as well as in global genome nucleotide excision repair (GG-NER), the cleavage of the damaged DNA strand 3' to the site of damage is carried out by a DNA endonuclease XPG (ERCC5). While the NER-mediated DNA synthesis may be initiated prior to the 3' incision (Staresincic et al. 2009), the components of the incision complex probably dissociate from the NER site shortly after the DNA synthesis complex assembly and 3' incision (Overmeer et al. 2011). The exception is the RPA heterotrimer, which is a constituent of the NER post-incision complex, and also coats the undamaged DNA strand, thereby protecting it from endonucleolytic cleavage. RNA polymerase II-associated factors also remain bound to the TC-NER site.Authored: Hoeijmakers, JH, 2004-01-29 18:08:33Authored: Orlic-Milacic, Marija, 2015-06-16Reviewed: Fousteri, Maria, 2015-08-03Edited: Orlic-Milacic, Marija, 2015-06-16TC-NER incision complex: 5'-incised damaged DNA:trimmed nascent mRNA:(PCNA:POLD,POLE), (MonoUb:K164-PCNA:POLK):RPA:RFCReactome DB_ID: 6782219nucleoplasmGENE ONTOLOGYGO:0005654ERCC5XPG proteinDNA-repair protein complementing XP-G cells (Xeroderma pigmentosum group G complementing protein) (DNA excision repair protein ERCC-5)ERCC5 or XPGCXeroderma pigmentosum group G complementing proteinDNA excision repair protein ERCC-5 DNA-repair protein complementing XP-G cellsDNA excision repair protein ERCC-5Reactome DB_ID: 67447UniProt:P28715 ERCC5ERCC5ERCM2XPGXPGCFUNCTION Single-stranded structure-specific DNA endonuclease involved in DNA excision repair. Makes the 3'incision in DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER). Acts as a cofactor for a DNA glycosylase that removes oxidized pyrimidines from DNA. May also be involved in transcription-coupled repair of this kind of damage, in transcription by RNA polymerase II, and perhaps in other processes too.SUBUNIT Interacts with PCNA.SIMILARITY Belongs to the XPG/RAD2 endonuclease family. XPG subfamily.Homo sapiensNCBI Taxonomy9606UniProtP287151EQUAL1186EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7067447Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=67447ReactomeR-HSA-674471Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-67447.1Reactomehttp://www.reactome.org1ERCC6CSB proteinExcision repair protein ERCC-6 (Cockayne syndrome protein CSB)DNA excision repair protein ERCC-6Cockayne syndrome protein CSBReactome DB_ID: 54429UniProt:Q03468 ERCC6ERCC6CSBFUNCTION Essential factor involved in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair which allows RNA polymerase II-blocking lesions to be rapidly removed from the transcribed strand of active genes. Upon DNA-binding, it locally modifies DNA conformation by wrapping the DNA around itself, thereby modifying the interface between stalled RNA polymerase II and DNA. It is required for transcription-coupled repair complex formation. It recruits the CSA complex (DCX(ERCC8) complex), nucleotide excision repair proteins and EP300 to the at sites of RNA polymerase II-blocking lesions.SUBUNIT Homodimer. Binds DNA. Interacts with ERCC8. Interacts with a subunit of RNA polymerase II TFIIH. Component of the B-WICH complex, at least composed of SMARCA5/SNF2H, BAZ1B/WSTF, SF3B1, DEK, MYO1C, ERCC6, MYBBP1A and DDX21. Interacts with KIAA1530/UVSSA.DOMAIN A C-terminal ubiquitin-binding domain (UBD) is essential for transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair to proceed.PTM Ubiquitinated at the C-terminus. Ubiquitination by the CSA complex leads to ERCC6 proteasomal degradation in a UV-dependent manner. Stabilized following interaction with KIAA1530/UVSSA, which promotes recruitment of deubiquitinating enzyme USP7, leading to deubiquitination of ERCC6 thereby preventing UV-induced degradation of ERCC6 by the proteasome.SIMILARITY Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family.UniProtQ034681EQUAL1493EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7054429Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=54429ReactomeR-HSA-544291Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-54429.11ERCC1:ERCC4ERCC1:XPF complexReactome DB_ID: 109943ERCC4XPF proteinDNA-repair protein complementing XP-F cell (Xeroderma pigmentosum group F complementing protein) (DNA excision repair protein ERCC-4)DNA-repair protein complementing XP-F cellXeroderma pigmentosum group F complementing proteinDNA excision repair protein ERCC-4Reactome DB_ID: 67445UniProt:Q92889 ERCC4ERCC4ERCC11XPFFUNCTION Catalytic component of a structure-specific DNA repair endonuclease responsible for the 5-prime incision during DNA repair. Involved in homologous recombination that assists in removing interstrand cross-link.SUBUNIT Heterodimer composed of ERCC1 and XPF/ERCC4. Interacts with SLX4/BTBD12; this interaction is direct and links the ERCC1-XPF/ERCC1 complex to SLX4, which may coordinate the action of the structure-specific endonuclease during DNA repair.SIMILARITY Belongs to the XPF family.UniProtQ928891EQUAL916EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7067445Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=67445ReactomeR-HSA-674451Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-67445.11ERCC1ERCC1, DNA excision repair proteinDNA excision repair protein ERCC-1Reactome DB_ID: 54427UniProt:P07992 ERCC1ERCC1FUNCTION Isoform 1: Non-catalytic component of a structure-specific DNA repair endonuclease responsible for the 5'-incision during DNA repair. Responsible, in conjunction with SLX4, for the first step in the repair of interstrand cross-links (ICL). Participates in the processing of anaphase bridge-generating DNA structures, which consist in incompletely processed DNA lesions arising during S or G2 phase, and can result in cytokinesis failure. Also required for homology-directed repair (HDR) of DNA double-strand breaks, in conjunction with SLX4.SUBUNIT Heterodimer composed of ERCC1 isoform 1 and XPF/ERRC4.SIMILARITY Belongs to the ERCC1/RAD10/SWI10 family.UniProtP079921EQUAL297EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7054427Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=54427ReactomeR-HSA-544271Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-54427.11Reactome Database ID Release 70109943Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=109943ReactomeR-HSA-1099432Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-109943.21CSA:DDB1:CUL4:RBX1ERCC8:DDB1:CUL4:RBX1Reactome DB_ID: 6781841Converted from EntitySet in ReactomeCUL4Reactome DB_ID: 976081CUL4ACullin-4ACUL4A_HUMANReactome DB_ID: 976006UniProt:Q13619 CUL4ACUL4AFUNCTION Core component of multiple cullin-RING-based E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination of target proteins. As a scaffold protein may contribute to catalysis through positioning of the substrate and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. The E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of the complex is dependent on the neddylation of the cullin subunit and is inhibited by the association of the deneddylated cullin subunit with TIP120A/CAND1. The functional specificity of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex depends on the variable substrate recognition component. DCX(DET1-COP1) directs ubiquitination of JUN. DCX(DDB2) directs ubiquitination of XPC. DCX(DDB2) ubiquitinates histones H3-H4 and is required for efficient histone deposition during replication-coupled (H3.1) and replication-independent (H3.3) nucleosome assembly, probably by facilitating the transfer of H3 from ASF1A/ASF1B to other chaperones involved in histone deposition. DCX(DTL) plays a role in PCNA-dependent polyubiquitination of CDT1 and MDM2-dependent ubiquitination of TP53 in response to radiation-induced DNA damage and during DNA replication. In association with DDB1 and SKP2 probably is involved in ubiquitination of CDKN1B/p27kip. Is involved in ubiquitination of HOXA9. DCX(DTL) directs autoubiquitination of DTL. The DDB1-CUL4A-DTL E3 ligase complex regulates the circadian clock function by mediating the ubiquitination and degradation of CRY1 (PubMed:26431207). With CUL4B, contributes to ribosome biogenesis (PubMed:26711351).PATHWAY Protein modification; protein ubiquitination.SUBUNIT Component of multiple DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes that seem to consist of DDB1, CUL4A or CUL4B, RBX1 and a variable substrate recognition component which seems to belong to a protein family described as DCAF (Ddb1- and Cul4-associated factor) or CDW (CUL4-DDB1-associated WD40-repeat) proteins. Component of the CSA complex (DCX(ERCC8) complex) containing ERCC8, RBX1, DDB1 and CUL4A; the CSA complex interacts with RNA polymerase II; upon UV irradiation it interacts with the COP9 signalosome and preferentially with the hyperphosphorylated form of RNA polymerase II. Component of the DCX(DET1-COP1) complex with the substrate recognition component DET1 and COP1. Component of the DCX(DDB2) complex with the substrate recognition component DDB2. Component of the DCX(DTL) complex with the putative substrate recognition component DTL. Interacts with DDB1, RBX1, RNF7, CTD1, TIP120A/CAND1, SKP2, CDKN1B, MDM2, TP53 and HOXA9. Interacts with DDB2; the interactions with DDB2 and CAND1 are mutually exclusive. Interacts with DCAF1, DTL, DDA1, DCAF6, DCAF4, DCAF16, DCAF17, DET1, WDTC1, DCAF5, DCAF11, WDR24A, COP1, PAFAH1B1, ERCC8, GRWD1, FBXW5, RBBP7, GNB2, WSB1, WSB2, NUP43, PWP1, FBXW8, ATG16L1, KATNB1, RBBP4, RBBP5, LRWD1 and DCAF8. May interact with WDR26, WDR51B, SNRNP40, WDR61, WDR76, WDR5. Can self-associate. Interacts (when neddylated) with ARIH1; leading to activate the E3 ligase activity of ARIH1 (PubMed:24076655). The DDB1-CUL4A complex interacts with CRY1 (PubMed:26431207).SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with Epstein-Barr virus BPLF1.PTM Neddylated. Deneddylated via its interaction with the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex.PTM (Microbial infection) Deneddylated by Epstein-Barr virus BPLF1 leading to a S-phase-like environment that is required for efficient replication of the viral genome.SIMILARITY Belongs to the cullin family.UniProtQ136191EQUAL759EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70976006Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=976006ReactomeR-HSA-9760061Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-976006.1CUL4BCullin-4BCUL4B_HUMANReactome DB_ID: 975973UniProt:Q13620 CUL4BCUL4BKIAA0695FUNCTION Core component of multiple cullin-RING-based E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. The functional specificity of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex depends on the variable substrate recognition subunit. CUL4B may act within the complex as a scaffold protein, contributing to catalysis through positioning of the substrate and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. Plays a role as part of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex in polyubiquitination of CDT1, histone H2A, histone H3 and histone H4 in response to radiation-induced DNA damage. Targeted to UV damaged chromatin by DDB2 and may be important for DNA repair and DNA replication. Required for ubiquitination of cyclin E, and consequently, normal G1 cell cycle progression. Regulates the mammalian target-of-rapamycin (mTOR) pathway involved in control of cell growth, size and metabolism. Specific CUL4B regulation of the mTORC1-mediated pathway is dependent upon 26S proteasome function and requires interaction between CUL4B and MLST8. With CUL4A, contributes to ribosome biogenesis (PubMed:26711351).PATHWAY Protein modification; protein ubiquitination.SUBUNIT Component of multiple DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes that seem to be formed of DDB1, CUL4A or CUL4B, RBX1 and a variable substrate recognition component which seems to belong to a protein family described as DCAF (Ddb1- and Cul4-associated factor) or CDW (CUL4-DDB1-associated WD40-repeat) proteins. Component of the DCX(DTL) complex with the putative substrate recognition component DTL. Component of the DCX(DDB2) complex with the putative substrate recognition component DDB2. Part of a complex with RBX1 and TIP120A/CAND1. Interacts with RBX1 GRWD1, MLST8, SMU1, TLE2, TLE3, DCAF1, DDA1, DCAF6, DCAF17, DDB2, DCAF8, TIP120A/CAND1 and TMEM113. Interacts with cyclin E and with importins alpha-1 (KPNA2), alpha-3 (KPNA4), alpha-5 (KPNA1) and beta-1 (KPNB1). May interact with WDR26, WDR51B, SNRNP40, WDR61, WDR76 and WDR5.PTM Neddylated. Deneddylated via its interaction with the COP9 signalosome (CSN) complex.SIMILARITY Belongs to the cullin family.UniProtQ136201EQUAL913EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70975973Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=975973ReactomeR-HSA-9759731Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-975973.1Reactome Database ID Release 70976081Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=976081ReactomeR-HSA-9760811Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-976081.11ERCC8CSA proteinCockayne syndrome WD-repeat protein CSADNA excision repair protein ERCC-8Reactome DB_ID: 52835UniProt:Q13216 ERCC8ERCC8CKN1CSAFUNCTION Substrate-recognition component of the CSA complex, a DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, involved in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair. The CSA complex (DCX(ERCC8) complex) promotes the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of ERCC6 in a UV-dependent manner; ERCC6 degradation is essential for the recovery of RNA synthesis after transcription-coupled repair. It is required for the recruitment of XAB2, HMGN1 and TCEA1/TFIIS to a transcription-coupled repair complex which removes RNA polymerase II-blocking lesions from the transcribed strand of active genes.PATHWAY Protein modification; protein ubiquitination.SUBUNIT Part of the CSA complex (DCX(ERCC8) complex), a DCX E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex containing ERCC8, RBX1, DDB1 and CUL4A; the CSA complex interacts with RNA polymerase II; upon UV irradiation it interacts with the COP9 signalosome and preferentially with the hyperphosphorylated form of RNA polymerase II. Interacts with ERCC6 and KIAA1530/UVSSA. Interacts with a subunit of RNA polymerase II TFIIH. Interacts directly with DDB1 (PubMed:22118460).UniProtQ132161EQUAL396EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7052835Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=52835ReactomeR-HSA-528351Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-52835.11ZYPRBX1RNF75ROC1E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RBX1Reactome DB_ID: 1234142UniProt:P62877 RBX1RBX1RNF75ROC1FUNCTION E3 ubiquitin ligase component of multiple cullin-RING-based E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (CRLs) complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins, including proteins involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction, transcription and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (PubMed:10230407, PubMed:10579999, PubMed:15983046, PubMed:16678110, PubMed:19112177, PubMed:19679664, PubMed:23455478, PubMed:27565346, PubMed:29769719, PubMed:11961546, PubMed:22748924). CRLs complexes and ARIH1 collaborate in tandem to mediate ubiquitination of target proteins, ARIH1 mediating addition of the first ubiquitin on CRLs targets (PubMed:27565346). The functional specificity of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes depends on the variable substrate recognition components. As a component of the CSA complex promotes the ubiquitination of ERCC6 resulting in proteasomal degradation. Recruits the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme CDC34 to the complex and brings it into close proximity to the substrate. Probably also stimulates CDC34 autoubiquitination. May be required for histone H3 and histone H4 ubiquitination in response to ultraviolet and for subsequent DNA repair. Promotes the neddylation of CUL1, CUL2, CUL4 and CUL4 via its interaction with UBE2M. Involved in the ubiquitination of KEAP1, ENC1 and KLHL41. In concert with ATF2 and CUL3, promotes degradation of KAT5 thereby attenuating its ability to acetylate and activate ATM.PATHWAY Protein modification; protein ubiquitination.SUBUNIT Part of a SCF complex consisting of CUL1, RBX1, SKP1 and SKP2 (PubMed:11961546). Part of a SCF-like complex consisting of CUL7, RBX1, SKP1 and FBXW8. Part of CBC(VHL) complexes with elongin BC complex (ELOB and ELOC), CUL2 or CUL5 and VHL. Part of the CSA complex (DCX(ERCC8) complex), a DCX E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex containing ERCC8, RBX1, DDB1 and CUL4A; the CSA complex interacts with RNA polymerase II; upon UV irradiation it interacts with the COP9 signalosome and preferentially with the hyperphosphorylated form of RNA polymerase II. Part of multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes with elongin BC complex (ELOB and ELOC), CUL2 and MED8; elongin BC complex (ELOB and ELOC), CUL5 and MUF1. Part of multisubunit complexes with elongin BC complex (ELOB and ELOC), elongin A/ELOA or SOCS1 or WSB1 and CUL5. Interacts directly with CUL1 and probably also with CUL2, CUL3, CUL4A, CUL4B, CUL5 and CUL7. Interacts with CDC34 (PubMed:22748924). Interacts with GLMN. GLMN competes for the binding site of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme CDC34 and disrupts CDC34 binding (PubMed:22748924). Interacts with COPS6. Component of the DCX DET1-COP1 ubiquitin ligase complex at least composed of RBX1, DET1, DDB1, CUL4A and COP1. Part of an E3 ligase complex composed of RBX1, DDB1, DDB2 and CUL4A or CUL4B. Interacts with UBE2M. Part of a SCF complex consisting of CUL1, FBXO3, RBX1 and SKP1; this complex interacts with PML via FBXO3. Component of the SCF(Cyclin F) complex consisting of CUL1, RBX1, SKP1 and CCNF. Identified in a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex together with HINT1 and CDC34. Component of multiple BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes formed of CUL3, RBX1 and a variable BTB domain-containing protein. Part of the BCR(ENC1) complex containing ENC1. Part of the BCR(GAN) complex containing GAN. Part of the BCR(KLHL41) complex containing KLHL41. Part of the BCR(KEAP1) complex containing KEAP1. Interacts with DCUN1D3. Interacts with SESN1 and SESN2 (PubMed:23274085). Interacts with NOTCH2 (PubMed:29149593). Component of the BCR(KLHL22) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, at least composed of CUL3, KLHL22 and RBX1 (PubMed:23455478).SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with human adenovirus 5 protein E1A; this interaction inhibits RBX1-CUL1-dependent elongation reaction of ubiquitin chains by the SCF(FBW7) complex.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Widely expressed.DOMAIN The RING-type zinc finger domain is essential for ubiquitin ligase activity (PubMed:10230407). It coordinates an additional third zinc ion (PubMed:11961546, PubMed:22748924).SIMILARITY Belongs to the RING-box family.UniProtP628772EQUAL108EQUALReactome Database ID Release 701234142Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=1234142ReactomeR-HSA-12341421Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-1234142.11DDB1DDB1, DNA damage binding protein 1DNA damage binding protein 1Damage-specific DNA binding protein 1DDB p127 subunitDDBaUV-damaged DNA-binding protein 1UV-DDB 1Xeroderma pigmentosum group E complementing proteinXPCeX- associated protein 1XAP-1Reactome DB_ID: 53489UniProt:Q16531 DDB1DDB1XAP1FUNCTION Required for DNA repair. Binds to DDB2 to form the UV-damaged DNA-binding protein complex (the UV-DDB complex). The UV-DDB complex may recognize UV-induced DNA damage and recruit proteins of the nucleotide excision repair pathway (the NER pathway) to initiate DNA repair. The UV-DDB complex preferentially binds to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD), 6-4 photoproducts (6-4 PP), apurinic sites and short mismatches. Also appears to function as a component of numerous distinct DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. The functional specificity of the DCX E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex is determined by the variable substrate recognition component recruited by DDB1. DCX(DDB2) (also known as DDB1-CUL4-ROC1, CUL4-DDB-ROC1 and CUL4-DDB-RBX1) may ubiquitinate histone H2A, histone H3 and histone H4 at sites of UV-induced DNA damage. The ubiquitination of histones may facilitate their removal from the nucleosome and promote subsequent DNA repair. DCX(DDB2) also ubiquitinates XPC, which may enhance DNA-binding by XPC and promote NER. DCX(DTL) plays a role in PCNA-dependent polyubiquitination of CDT1 and MDM2-dependent ubiquitination of TP53 in response to radiation-induced DNA damage and during DNA replication. DCX(ERCC8) (the CSA complex) plays a role in transcription-coupled repair (TCR). May also play a role in ubiquitination of CDKN1B/p27kip when associated with CUL4 and SKP2. The DDB1-CUL4A-DTL E3 ligase complex regulates the circadian clock function by mediating the ubiquitination and degradation of CRY1 (PubMed:26431207). DDB1-mediated CRY1 degradation promotes FOXO1 protein stability and FOXO1-mediated gluconeogenesis in the liver (By similarity).PATHWAY Protein modification; protein ubiquitination.SUBUNIT Component of the UV-DDB complex which includes DDB1 and DDB2; the heterodimer dimerizes to give rise to a heterotetramer when bound to damaged DNA (PubMed:22822215). The UV-DDB complex interacts with monoubiquitinated histone H2A and binds to XPC via the DDB2 subunit. Component of numerous DCX (DDB1-CUL4-X-box) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which consist of a core of DDB1, CUL4A or CUL4B and RBX1. DDB1 may recruit specific substrate targeting subunits to the DCX complex. These substrate targeting subunits are generally known as DCAF (DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor) or CDW (CUL4-DDB1-associated WD40-repeat) proteins. Interacts with AMBRA1, ATG16L1, BTRC, CRBN, DCAF1, DCAF4, DCAF5, DCAF6, DCAF7, DCAF8, DCAF9, DCAF10, DCAF11, DCAF12, DCAF15, DCAF16, DCAF17, DDA1, DET1, DTL, ERCC8, FBXW5, FBXW8, GRWD1, KATNB1, NLE1, NUP43, PAFAH1B1, PHIP, PWP1, RBBP4, RBBP5, RBBP7, COP1, SNRNP40, DCAF1, WDR5, WDR5B, WDR12, WDR26, WDR39, WDR42, WDR53, WDR59, WDR61, WSB1, WSB2, LRWD1 and WDTC1. DCX complexes may associate with the COP9 signalosome, and this inhibits the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity of the complex. Interacts with NF2, TSC1 and TSC2. Interaction with SV5 protein V may prevent the recruitment of DCAF proteins to DCX complexes. Interacts with AGO1 and AGO2. Associates with the E3 ligase complex containing DYRK2, EDD/UBR5, DDB1 and DCAF1 proteins (EDVP complex). Interacts directly with DYRK2. DCX(DTL) complex interacts with FBXO11; does not ubiquitinate and degradate FBXO11. Interacts with TRPC4AP (PubMed:19966799). Interacts with CRY1 and CRY2 (By similarity). The DDB1-CUL4A complex interacts with CRY1 (PubMed:26431207).SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with Simian virus 5 protein V.SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with hepatitis B virus protein HBX; the viral protein contains a short helical motif that competes for the same binding site as the N-terminal helical motif found in endogenous DCAF proteins.DOMAIN The core of the protein consists of three WD40 beta-propeller domains.PTM Phosphorylated by ABL1.PTM Ubiquitinated by CUL4A. Subsequently degraded by ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis.SIMILARITY Belongs to the DDB1 family.UniProtQ165311EQUAL1140EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7053489Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=53489ReactomeR-HSA-534891Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-53489.11Reactome Database ID Release 706781841Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6781841ReactomeR-HSA-67818411Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6781841.11TCEA1TFIIS proteinTranscription elongation factor A protein 1 (Transcription elongation factor S-II protein 1) (Transcription elongation factor TFIIS.o)Transcription elongation factor A protein 1Transcription elongation factor S-II protein 1Transcription elongation factor TFIIS.oReactome DB_ID: 65748UniProt:P23193 TCEA1TCEA1GTF2STFIISFUNCTION Necessary for efficient RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites. The arresting sites in DNA have the property of trapping a certain fraction of elongating RNA polymerases that pass through, resulting in locked ternary complexes. Cleavage of the nascent transcript by S-II allows the resumption of elongation from the new 3'-terminus.SUBUNIT Interacts with EAF2 (By similarity). Associates with UBR5 and forms a transcription regulatory complex made of CDK9, RNAP II, UBR5 and TFIIS/TCEA1 that can stimulate target gene transcription (e.g. gamma fibrinogen/FGG) by recruiting their promoters.DISEASE A chromosomal aberration involving TCEA1 may be a cause of salivary gland pleiomorphic adenomas (PA) [181030]. Pleiomorphic adenomas are the most common benign epithelial tumors of the salivary gland. Translocation t(3;8)(p21;q12) with PLAG1.MISCELLANEOUS S-II binds to RNA-polymerase II in the absence of transcription.SIMILARITY Belongs to the TFS-II family.UniProtP231931EQUAL301EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7065748Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=65748ReactomeR-HSA-657481Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-65748.11UVSSA:USP7Reactome DB_ID: 6781845UVSSAUV-stimulated scaffold protein AKIAA1530Reactome DB_ID: 5688915UniProt:Q2YD98 UVSSAUVSSAKIAA1530FUNCTION Factor involved in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) in response to UV damage. TC-NER allows RNA polymerase II-blocking lesions to be rapidly removed from the transcribed strand of active genes. Acts by promoting stabilization of ERCC6 by recruiting deubiquitinating enzyme USP7 to TC-NER complexes, preventing UV-induced degradation of ERCC6 by the proteasome. Interacts with the elongating form of RNA polymerase II (RNA pol IIo) and facilitates its ubiquitination at UV damage sites, leading to promote RNA pol IIo backtracking to allow access to the nucleotide excision repair machinery. Not involved in processing oxidative damage.SUBUNIT Interacts with the elongating form of RNA polymerase II (RNA pol IIo). Interacts with ERCC6, ERCC8 and USP7.PTM Monoubiquitinated: ubiquitination does not increase in response to UV.SIMILARITY Belongs to the UVSSA family.UniProtQ2YD981EQUAL709EQUALReactome Database ID Release 705688915Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=5688915ReactomeR-HSA-56889151Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-5688915.11USP7HAUSPUbiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 7Deubiquitinating enzyme 7Herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific proteaseUbiquitin thioesterase 7Ubiquitin-specific-processing protease 7Reactome DB_ID: 3215278UniProt:Q93009 USP7USP7HAUSPFUNCTION Hydrolase that deubiquitinates target proteins such as FOXO4, p53/TP53, MDM2, ERCC6, DNMT1, UHRF1, PTEN, KMT2E/MLL5 and DAXX (PubMed:11923872, PubMed:15053880, PubMed:16964248, PubMed:18716620, PubMed:25283148, PubMed:26678539). Together with DAXX, prevents MDM2 self-ubiquitination and enhances the E3 ligase activity of MDM2 towards p53/TP53, thereby promoting p53/TP53 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation (PubMed:15053880, PubMed:16845383, PubMed:18566590, PubMed:20153724). Deubiquitinates p53/TP53, preventing degradation of p53/TP53, and enhances p53/TP53-dependent transcription regulation, cell growth repression and apoptosis (PubMed:25283148). Deubiquitinates p53/TP53 and MDM2 and strongly stabilizes p53/TP53 even in the presence of excess MDM2, and also induces p53/TP53-dependent cell growth repression and apoptosis (PubMed:11923872). Deubiquitination of FOXO4 in presence of hydrogen peroxide is not dependent on p53/TP53 and inhibits FOXO4-induced transcriptional activity (PubMed:16964248). In association with DAXX, is involved in the deubiquitination and translocation of PTEN from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, both processes that are counteracted by PML (PubMed:18716620). Deubiquitinates KMT2E/MLL5 preventing KMT2E/MLL5 proteasomal-mediated degradation (PubMed:26678539). Involved in cell proliferation during early embryonic development. Involved in transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) in response to UV damage: recruited to DNA damage sites following interaction with KIAA1530/UVSSA and promotes deubiquitination of ERCC6, preventing UV-induced degradation of ERCC6 (PubMed:22466611, PubMed:22466612). Involved in maintenance of DNA methylation via its interaction with UHRF1 and DNMT1: acts by mediating deubiquitination of UHRF1 and DNMT1, preventing their degradation and promoting DNA methylation by DNMT1 (PubMed:21745816, PubMed:22411829). Deubiquitinates alkylation repair enzyme ALKBH3. OTUD4 recruits USP7 and USP9X to stabilize ALKBH3, thereby promoting the repair of alkylated DNA lesions (PubMed:25944111). Acts as a chromatin regulator via its association with the Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein PRC1-like complex; may act by deubiquitinating components of the PRC1-like complex (PubMed:20601937). Able to mediate deubiquitination of histone H2B; it is however unsure whether this activity takes place in vivo (PubMed:20601937). Exhibits a preference towards 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitin chains (PubMed:22689415). Increases regulatory T-cells (Treg) suppressive capacity by deubiquitinating and stabilizing the transcription factor FOXP3 which is crucial for Treg cell function (PubMed:23973222). Plays a role in the maintenance of the circadian clock periodicity via deubiquitination and stabilization of the CRY1 and CRY2 proteins (PubMed:27123980). Deubiquitinates REST, thereby stabilizing REST and promoting the maintenance of neural progenitor cells (PubMed:21258371).FUNCTION (Microbial infection) Contributes to the overall stabilization and trans-activation capability of the herpesvirus 1 trans-acting transcriptional protein ICP0/VMW110 during HSV-1 infection.ACTIVITY REGULATION Inhibited by N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM) and divalent cations. Tolerates high concentrations of NaCl but is inhibited at concentrations of 195 mM and higher.SUBUNIT Monomer. Homodimer. Part of a complex with DAXX, MDM2, RASSF1 and USP7 (PubMed:18566590). Part of a complex with DAXX, MDM2 and USP7 (PubMed:16845383). Interacts with MDM2; the interaction is independent of p53/TP53. Interacts with DAXX; the interaction is direct and independent of MDM2 and p53/TP53 (PubMed:16845383). Component of a complex composed of KMT2E/MLL5 (isoform 3), OGT (isoform 1) and USP7; the complex stabilizes KMT2E/MLL5, preventing KMT2E/MLL5 ubiquitination and proteosomal-mediated degradation (PubMed:26678539). Interacts (via MATH domain) with KMT2E/MLL5 isoform 3 (PubMed:26678539). Interacts with OGT isoform 1 (PubMed:26678539). Interacts with FOXO4; the interaction is enhanced in presence of hydrogen peroxide and occurs independently of p53/TP53 (PubMed:16964248). Interacts with p53/TP53; the interaction is enhanced in response to DNA damage (PubMed:25283148). Interacts with TSPYL5; this impairs interaction with p53/TP53 (PubMed:21170034). Interacts with PTEN; the interaction is direct (PubMed:18716620). Interacts with ATXN1 and the strength of interaction is influenced by the length of the poly-Gln region in ATXN1 (PubMed:12093161). A weaker interaction seen with mutants having longer poly-Gln regions (PubMed:12093161). Interacts with KIAA1530/UVSSA (PubMed:22466611, PubMed:22466612). Interacts with ABRAXAS2; the interaction is direct (PubMed:25283148). Identified in a complex with TP53/p53 and ABRAXAS2 (PubMed:25283148). Interacts with MEX3C and antagonizes its ability to degrade mRNA (PubMed:22863774). Interacts with DNMT1 and UHRF1 (PubMed:21745816, PubMed:22411829). Interacts with FOXP3 (PubMed:23973222). Interacts (via MATH domain) with RNF220. Associated component of the Polycomb group (PcG) multiprotein PRC1-like complex (PubMed:20601937). Interacts with EPOP (By similarity). Interacts with OTUD4 and USP9X; the interaction is direct (PubMed:25944111). Interacts with CRY2 (PubMed:27123980). Interacts with REST (PubMed:21258371).SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Isoform 1 and isoform 2 interact with herpesvirus 1 trans-acting transcriptional protein ICP0/VMW110 (PubMed:9034339, PubMed:14506283, PubMed:16160161, PubMed:18590780). Binding to ICP0/VMW110 may modulate the substrate specificity or activity of USP7 to stabilize viral proteins.SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with Epstein-Barr virus EBNA1. EBNA1 shows a 10-fold higher affinity than p53/TP53 and can compete with it for USP7 binding.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Expressed in neural progenitor cells (at protein level) (PubMed:21258371). Widely expressed. Overexpressed in prostate cancer.INDUCTION Up-regulated in regulatory T-cells (Treg). Down-regulated during neural progenitor cell differentiation (PubMed:21258371).DOMAIN The C-terminus plays a role in its oligomerization.PTM Isoform 1: Phosphorylated. Isoform 1 is phosphorylated at positions Ser-18 and Ser-963. Isoform 2: Not phosphorylated.PTM Isoform 1: Polyneddylated. Isoform 2: Not Polyneddylated.PTM Isoform 1 and isoform 2: Not sumoylated.PTM Isoform 1 and isoform 2: Polyubiquitinated by herpesvirus 1 trans-acting transcriptional protein ICP0/VMW110; leading to its subsequent proteasomal degradation. Isoform 1: Ubiquitinated at Lys-869.SIMILARITY Belongs to the peptidase C19 family.CAUTION Was reported to interact with UBXN6 but the corresponding article has been retracted (PubMed:18768758).UniProtQ930091EQUAL1102EQUALReactome Database ID Release 703215278Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=3215278ReactomeR-HSA-32152781Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-3215278.11Reactome Database ID Release 706781845Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6781845ReactomeR-HSA-67818451Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6781845.11TFIIHReactome DB_ID: 109634CXPDERCC2XPD proteinERCC2/CXPDTFIIH basal transcription factor complex helicase subunit (EC 3.6.1.-) (DNA-repair protein complementing XP-D cells) (Xeroderma pigmentosum group D complementing protein) (CXPD) (DNA excision repair protein ERCC-2)TFIIH basal transcription factor complex helicase subunit DNA-repair protein complementing XP-D cellsXeroderma pigmentosum group D complementing proteinDNA excision repair protein ERCC-2Reactome DB_ID: 67443UniProt:P18074 ERCC2ERCC2XPDXPDCFUNCTION ATP-dependent 5'-3' DNA helicase, component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. The ATP-dependent helicase activity of XPD/ERCC2 is required for DNA opening. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription. XPD/ERCC2 acts by forming a bridge between CAK and the core-TFIIH complex. Involved in the regulation of vitamin-D receptor activity. As part of the mitotic spindle-associated MMXD complex it plays a role in chromosome segregation. Might have a role in aging process and could play a causative role in the generation of skin cancers.SUBUNIT Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4 and GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription. The interaction with GTF2H2 results in the stimulation of the 5'-->3' helicase activity (PubMed:9771713, PubMed:9852112). Component of the MMXD complex, which includes CIAO1, ERCC2, CIAO2B, MMS19 and SLC25A5 (PubMed:20797633). Interacts with CIAO1 and CIAO2B; the interaction WITH CIAO2B is direct (PubMed:23891004). Interacts with ATF7IP (PubMed:19106100). Interacts directly with MMS19 (PubMed:23585563).SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with Epstein-Barr virus EBNA2.PTM ISGylated.SIMILARITY Belongs to the helicase family. RAD3/XPD subfamily.UniProtP180741EQUAL760EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7067443Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=67443ReactomeR-HSA-674431Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-67443.11GTF2H4BTF2-p52 (TFIIH component)TFIIH basal transcription factor complex p52 subunit (Basic transcription factor 52 kDa subunit) (BTF2-p52) (General transcription factor IIH polypeptide 4)TFIIH basal transcription factor complex p52 subunitBasic transcription factor 52 kDa subunitBTF2-p52General transcription factor IIH polypeptide 4Reactome DB_ID: 65918UniProt:Q92759 GTF2H4GTF2H4FUNCTION Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.SUBUNIT Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4 and GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription.SIMILARITY Belongs to the TFB2 family.UniProtQ927591EQUAL462EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7065918Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=65918ReactomeR-HSA-659181Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-65918.11CAKReactome DB_ID: 69221p37CCNHCyclin HMO15-associated proteinp34Reactome DB_ID: 69220UniProt:P51946 CCNHCCNHFUNCTION Regulates CDK7, the catalytic subunit of the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex. CAK activates the cyclin-associated kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 by threonine phosphorylation. CAK complexed to the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor activates RNA polymerase II by serine phosphorylation of the repetitive C-terminal domain (CTD) of its large subunit (POLR2A), allowing its escape from the promoter and elongation of the transcripts. Involved in cell cycle control and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. Its expression and activity are constant throughout the cell cycle.SUBUNIT Associates primarily with CDK7 and MAT1 to form the CAK complex. CAK can further associate with the core-TFIIH to form the TFIIH basal transcription factor.SIMILARITY Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin C subfamily.UniProtP519461EQUAL323EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7069220Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=69220ReactomeR-HSA-692202Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-69220.21p36MNAT1MAT1CDK-activating kinase assembly factor MAT1 (RING finger protein MAT1) (Menage a trois) (CDK7/cyclin H assembly factor) (p36) (p35) (Cyclin G1 interacting protein)CDK-activating kinase assembly factor MAT1RING finger protein MAT1Menage a troisCDK7/cyclin H assembly factorp35Cyclin G1 interacting proteinReactome DB_ID: 59012UniProt:P51948 MNAT1MNAT1CAP35MAT1RNF66FUNCTION Stabilizes the cyclin H-CDK7 complex to form a functional CDK-activating kinase (CAK) enzymatic complex. CAK activates the cyclin-associated kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 by threonine phosphorylation. CAK complexed to the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor activates RNA polymerase II by serine phosphorylation of the repetitive C-terminal domain (CTD) of its large subunit (POLR2A), allowing its escape from the promoter and elongation of the transcripts. Involved in cell cycle control and in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II.SUBUNIT Associates primarily with CDK7 and cyclin H to form the CAK complex. CAK can further associate with the core-TFIIH to form the TFIIH basal transcription factor.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Highest levels in colon and testis. Moderate levels are present thymus, prostate, ovary, and small intestine. The lowest levels are found in spleen and leukocytes.UniProtP519481EQUAL309EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7059012Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=59012ReactomeR-HSA-590121Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-59012.11CAKCDK7Cdk7Cell division protein kinase 7 (EC 2.7.1.-) (CDK-activating kinase) (CAK)(TFIIH) (basal transcription factor complex kinase subunit) (39 kDa protein kinase) (P39 Mo15)(STK1)(CAK1)Cell division protein kinase 7 CDK-activating kinaseTFIIH basal transcription factor complex kinase subunit39 kDa protein kinaseP39 Mo15STK1CAK1Reactome DB_ID: 69218UniProt:P50613 CDK7CDK7CAKCAK1CDKN7MO15STK1FUNCTION Serine/threonine kinase involved in cell cycle control and in RNA polymerase II-mediated RNA transcription. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are activated by the binding to a cyclin and mediate the progression through the cell cycle. Each different complex controls a specific transition between 2 subsequent phases in the cell cycle. Required for both activation and complex formation of CDK1/cyclin-B during G2-M transition, and for activation of CDK2/cyclins during G1-S transition (but not complex formation). CDK7 is the catalytic subunit of the CDK-activating kinase (CAK) complex. Phosphorylates SPT5/SUPT5H, SF1/NR5A1, POLR2A, p53/TP53, CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6 and CDK11B/CDK11. CAK activates the cyclin-associated kinases CDK1, CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 by threonine phosphorylation, thus regulating cell cycle progression. CAK complexed to the core-TFIIH basal transcription factor activates RNA polymerase II by serine phosphorylation of the repetitive C-terminal domain (CTD) of its large subunit (POLR2A), allowing its escape from the promoter and elongation of the transcripts. Phosphorylation of POLR2A in complex with DNA promotes transcription initiation by triggering dissociation from DNA. Its expression and activity are constant throughout the cell cycle. Upon DNA damage, triggers p53/TP53 activation by phosphorylation, but is inactivated in turn by p53/TP53; this feedback loop may lead to an arrest of the cell cycle and of the transcription, helping in cell recovery, or to apoptosis. Required for DNA-bound peptides-mediated transcription and cellular growth inhibition.ACTIVITY REGULATION Inactivated by phosphorylation. Repressed by roscovitine (seliciclib, CYC202), R547 (Ro-4584820) and SNS-032 (BMS-387032). The association of p53/TP53 to the CAK complex in response to DNA damage reduces kinase activity toward CDK2 and RNA polymerase II repetitive C-terminal domain (CTD), thus stopping cell cycle progression. The inactivation by roscovitine promotes caspase-mediated apoptosis in leukemic cells.SUBUNIT Associates primarily with cyclin-H (CCNH) and MAT1 to form the CAK complex. CAK can further associate with the core-TFIIH to form the TFIIH basal transcription factor; this complex is sensitive to UV light. The CAK complex binds to p53/TP53 in response to DNA damage. Interacts with CDK2, SF1/NR5A1, PUF60 and PRKCI.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Ubiquitous.INDUCTION Repressed by DNA-bound peptides.PTM Phosphorylation of Ser-164 during mitosis inactivates the enzyme. Phosphorylation of Thr-170 is required for activity. Phosphorylated at Ser-164 and Thr-170 by CDK2.SIMILARITY Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.UniProtP506131EQUAL346EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7069218Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=69218ReactomeR-HSA-692182Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-69218.21Reactome Database ID Release 7069221Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=69221ReactomeR-HSA-692211Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-69221.11ERCC3XPB protein ERCC-3TFIIH basal transcription factor complex helicase XPB subunit (EC 3.6.1.-) (Basic transcription factor 2 89 kDa subunit) (BTF2-p89) (TFIIH 89 kDa subunit) (DNA-repair protein complementing XP-B cells) (Xeroderma pigmentosum group B complementing protein) (DNA excision repair protein ERCC-3)TFIIH basal transcription factor complex helicase XPB subunit Basic transcription factor 2 89 kDa subunitBTF2-p89TFIIH 89 kDa subunitDNA-repair protein complementing XP-B cellsXeroderma pigmentosum group B complementing proteinDNA excision repair protein ERCC-3Reactome DB_ID: 67439UniProt:P19447 ERCC3ERCC3XPBXPBCFUNCTION ATP-dependent 3'-5' DNA helicase, component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. The ATPase activity of XPB/ERCC3, but not its helicase activity, is required for DNA opening. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. The ATP-dependent helicase activity of XPB/ERCC3 is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.SUBUNIT Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4 and GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription. Interacts with PUF60. Interacts with ATF7IP.SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with Epstein-Barr virus EBNA2.SIMILARITY Belongs to the helicase family. RAD25/XPB subfamily.UniProtP194471EQUAL782EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7067439Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=67439ReactomeR-HSA-674391Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-67439.11GTF2H3BTF2-p34 (TFIIH component)TFIIH basal transcription factor complex p34 subunit (Basic transcription factor 2 34 kDa subunit) (BTF2-p34) (General transcription factor IIH polypeptide 3)TFIIH basal transcription factor complex p34 subunitBasic transcription factor 2 34 kDa subunitBTF2-p34General transcription factor IIH polypeptide 3Reactome DB_ID: 65916UniProt:Q13889 GTF2H3GTF2H3FUNCTION Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.SUBUNIT Part of a TFIID-containing RNA polymerase II pre-initiation complex that is composed of TBP and at least GTF2A1, GTF2A2, GTF2E1, GTF2E2, GTF2F1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4, GTF2H5, GTF2B, TCEA1, ERCC2, ERCC3, TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13 (PubMed:27193682). Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4 and GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription (PubMed:9852112). Interacts with RARA; the interaction requires prior phosphorylation of RARA on 'Ser-369' which then enhances interaction of RARA with CDK7 (By similarity).SIMILARITY Belongs to the TFB4 family.UniProtQ138891EQUAL308EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7065916Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=65916ReactomeR-HSA-659161Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-65916.11GTF2H1TFIIH basal transcription factor complex p62 subunitBasic transcription factor 62 kDa subunitBTF2-p62General transcription factor IIH polypeptide 1Reactome DB_ID: 65912UniProt:P32780 GTF2H1GTF2H1BTF2FUNCTION Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription.SUBUNIT Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4 and GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription. Interacts with PUF60.SIMILARITY Belongs to the TFB1 family.UniProtP327801EQUAL548EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7065912Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=65912ReactomeR-HSA-659121Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-65912.11TTDAGTF2H5General transcription factor IIH subunit 5TFB5 orthologGeneral transcription factor IIH polypeptide 5TFIIH basal transcription factor complex TTD-A subunitReactome DB_ID: 5688446UniProt:Q6ZYL4 GTF2H5GTF2H5C6orf175TTDAFUNCTION Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription. Necessary for the stability of the TFIIH complex and for the presence of normal levels of TFIIH in the cell.SUBUNIT Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4 and GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription.SIMILARITY Belongs to the TFB5 family.UniProtQ6ZYL41EQUAL71EQUALReactome Database ID Release 705688446Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=5688446ReactomeR-HSA-56884461Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-5688446.11GTF2H2BTF2-p44 (TFIIH component)TFIIH basal transcription factor complex p44 subunit (Basic transcription factor 2 44 kDa subunit) (BTF2-p44) (General transcription factor IIH polypeptide 2)TFIIH basal transcription factor complex p44 subunitBasic transcription factor 2 44 kDa subunitBTF2-p44General transcription factor IIH polypeptide 2Reactome DB_ID: 65914UniProt:Q13888 GTF2H2GTF2H2BTF2P44FUNCTION Component of the general transcription and DNA repair factor IIH (TFIIH) core complex, which is involved in general and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (NER) of damaged DNA and, when complexed to CAK, in RNA transcription by RNA polymerase II. In NER, TFIIH acts by opening DNA around the lesion to allow the excision of the damaged oligonucleotide and its replacement by a new DNA fragment. In transcription, TFIIH has an essential role in transcription initiation. When the pre-initiation complex (PIC) has been established, TFIIH is required for promoter opening and promoter escape. Phosphorylation of the C-terminal tail (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II by the kinase module CAK controls the initiation of transcription. The N-terminus of GTF2H2 interacts with and regulates XPD whereas an intact C-terminus is required for a successful escape of RNAP II form the promoter.SUBUNIT Component of the TFIID-containing RNA polymerase II pre-initiation complex that is composed of TBP and at least GTF2A1, GTF2A2, GTF2E1, GTF2E2, GTF2F1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4, GTF2H5, GTF2B, TCEA1, ERCC2 and ERCC3 (PubMed:27193682). Component of the 7-subunit TFIIH core complex composed of XPB/ERCC3, XPD/ERCC2, GTF2H1, GTF2H2, GTF2H3, GTF2H4 and GTF2H5, which is active in NER. The core complex associates with the 3-subunit CDK-activating kinase (CAK) module composed of CCNH/cyclin H, CDK7 and MNAT1 to form the 10-subunit holoenzyme (holo-TFIIH) active in transcription (PubMed:9852112, PubMed:11319235). Interacts with XPB, XPD, GTF2H1 and GTF2H3 (PubMed:11319235).SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with varicella-zoster virus IE63 protein.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Widely expressed, with higher expression in skeletal muscle.SIMILARITY Belongs to the GTF2H2 family.UniProtQ138881EQUAL395EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7065914Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=65914ReactomeR-HSA-659141Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-65914.11Reactome Database ID Release 70109634Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=109634ReactomeR-HSA-1096341Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-109634.115'-incised damaged DNA:trimmed nascent mRNAReactome DB_ID: 6782202Reactome Database ID Release 706782202Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6782202ReactomeR-ALL-67822021Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-6782202.11XPAXPA protein DNA-repair protein complementing XP-A cells (Xeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing protein)xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group ADNA-repair protein complementing XP-A cellsXeroderma pigmentosum group A complementing proteinReactome DB_ID: 67437UniProt:P23025 XPAXPAXPACFUNCTION Involved in DNA excision repair. Initiates repair by binding to damaged sites with various affinities, depending on the photoproduct and the transcriptional state of the region. Required for UV-induced CHEK1 phosphorylation and the recruitment of CEP164 to cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers (CPD), sites of DNA damage after UV irradiation.SUBUNIT Interacts with GPN1. Interacts with RPA1 and RPA2; the interaction is direct and associates XPA with the RPA complex. Interacts (via N-terminus) with CEP164 upon UV irradiation. Interacts with HERC2.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Expressed in various cell lines and in skin fibroblasts.PTM ATR-dependent phosphorylation of XPA at Ser-196 is important for cell survival in response to UV damage.PTM Ubiquitinated by HERC2 leading to degradation by the proteasome.SIMILARITY Belongs to the XPA family.UniProtP230252EQUAL273EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7067437Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=67437ReactomeR-HSA-674371Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-67437.11(PCNA:POLD,POLE), (MonoUb:K164-PCNA:POLK):RPA:RFCReactome DB_ID: 6790530RPA heterotrimerReactome DB_ID: 68462RPA2DNA Replication factor A protein 2 (32kD)RPA32Replication protein A 32 kDa subunitRP-ARF-AReplication factor-A protein 2Reactome DB_ID: 68457UniProt:P15927 RPA2RPA2REPA2RPA32RPA34FUNCTION As part of the heterotrimeric replication protein A complex (RPA/RP-A), binds and stabilizes single-stranded DNA intermediates, that form during DNA replication or upon DNA stress. It prevents their reannealing and in parallel, recruits and activates different proteins and complexes involved in DNA metabolism. Thereby, it plays an essential role both in DNA replication and the cellular response to DNA damage. In the cellular response to DNA damage, the RPA complex controls DNA repair and DNA damage checkpoint activation. Through recruitment of ATRIP activates the ATR kinase a master regulator of the DNA damage response. It is required for the recruitment of the DNA double-strand break repair factors RAD51 and RAD52 to chromatin in response to DNA damage. Also recruits to sites of DNA damage proteins like XPA and XPG that are involved in nucleotide excision repair and is required for this mechanism of DNA repair. Plays also a role in base excision repair (BER) probably through interaction with UNG. Also recruits SMARCAL1/HARP, which is involved in replication fork restart, to sites of DNA damage. May also play a role in telomere maintenance.SUBUNIT Component of the replication protein A complex (RPA/RP-A), a heterotrimeric complex composed of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3 (PubMed:2406247, PubMed:19116208, PubMed:10449415). Interacts with PRPF19; the PRP19-CDC5L complex is recruited to the sites of DNA repair where it ubiquitinates the replication protein A complex (RPA) (PubMed:24332808). Interacts with SERTAD3 (PubMed:10982866). Interacts with TIPIN (PubMed:17141802, PubMed:17296725). Interacts with TIMELESS (PubMed:17141802). Interacts with PPP4R2; the interaction is direct, DNA damage-dependent and mediates the recruitment of the PP4 catalytic subunit PPP4C (PubMed:20154705). Interacts (hyperphosphorylated) with RAD51 (PubMed:20154705). Interacts with SMARCAL1; the interaction is direct and mediates the recruitment to the RPA complex of SMARCAL1 (PubMed:19793861, PubMed:19793862, PubMed:19793863). Interacts with RAD52 and XPA; those interactions are direct and associate RAD52 and XPA to the RPA complex (PubMed:7700386, PubMed:8702565, PubMed:17765923, PubMed:11081631). Interacts with FBH1 (PubMed:23319600). Interacts with ETAA1; the interaction is direct and promotes ETAA1 recruitment at stalled replication forks (PubMed:27601467, PubMed:27723720, PubMed:27723717). Interacts with RFWD3 (PubMed:21504906, PubMed:21558276, PubMed:26474068, PubMed:28575657). Interacts with DDI2 (PubMed:29290612).INDUCTION Translationally up-regulated in response to DNA damage (at protein level).PTM Differentially phosphorylated throughout the cell cycle, becoming phosphorylated at the G1-S transition and dephosphorylated in late mitosis. Mainly phosphorylated at Ser-23 and Ser-29, by cyclin A-CDK2 and cyclin B-CDK1, respectively during DNA replication and mitosis. Dephosphorylation may require the serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4. Phosphorylation at Ser-23 and Ser-29 is a prerequisite for further phosphorylation. Becomes hyperphosphorylated on additional residues including Ser-4, Ser-8, Thr-21 and Ser-33 in response to DNA damage. Hyperphosphorylation is mediated by ATM, ATR and PRKDC. Primarily recruited to DNA repair nuclear foci as a hypophosphorylated form it undergoes subsequent hyperphosphorylation, catalyzed by ATR. Hyperphosphorylation is required for RAD51 recruitment to chromatin and efficient DNA repair. Phosphorylation at Thr-21 depends upon RFWD3 presence.PTM DNA damage-induced 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination by PRPF19 mediates ATRIP recruitment to the RPA complex at sites of DNA damage and activation of ATR (PubMed:24332808). Ubiquitinated by RFWD3 at stalled replication forks in response to DNA damage: ubiquitination by RFWD3 does not lead to degradation by the proteasome and promotes removal of the RPA complex from stalled replication forks, promoting homologous recombination (PubMed:26474068).SIMILARITY Belongs to the replication factor A protein 2 family.UniProtP159271EQUAL270EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068457Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68457ReactomeR-HSA-684572Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68457.21RPA1DNA Replication factor A protein A1 (70kD)RPA70Replication protein A 70 kDa DNA-binding subunitRP-ARF-AReplication factor-A protein 1Single-stranded DNA-binding proteinReactome DB_ID: 68461UniProt:P27694 RPA1RPA1REPA1RPA70FUNCTION As part of the heterotrimeric replication protein A complex (RPA/RP-A), binds and stabilizes single-stranded DNA intermediates, that form during DNA replication or upon DNA stress. It prevents their reannealing and in parallel, recruits and activates different proteins and complexes involved in DNA metabolism (PubMed:27723720, PubMed:27723717). Thereby, it plays an essential role both in DNA replication and the cellular response to DNA damage (PubMed:9430682). In the cellular response to DNA damage, the RPA complex controls DNA repair and DNA damage checkpoint activation. Through recruitment of ATRIP activates the ATR kinase a master regulator of the DNA damage response (PubMed:24332808). It is required for the recruitment of the DNA double-strand break repair factors RAD51 and RAD52 to chromatin in response to DNA damage (PubMed:17765923). Also recruits to sites of DNA damage proteins like XPA and XPG that are involved in nucleotide excision repair and is required for this mechanism of DNA repair (PubMed:7697716). Plays also a role in base excision repair (BER) probably through interaction with UNG (PubMed:9765279). Also recruits SMARCAL1/HARP, which is involved in replication fork restart, to sites of DNA damage. May also play a role in telomere maintenance (PubMed:17959650). As part of the alternative replication protein A complex, aRPA, binds single-stranded DNA and probably plays a role in DNA repair. Compared to the RPA2-containing, canonical RPA complex, may not support chromosomal DNA replication and cell cycle progression through S-phase. The aRPA may not promote efficient priming by DNA polymerase alpha but could support DNA synthesis by polymerase delta in presence of PCNA and replication factor C (RFC), the dual incision/excision reaction of nucleotide excision repair and RAD51-dependent strand exchange (PubMed:19996105).SUBUNIT Component of the canonical replication protein A complex (RPA), a heterotrimer composed of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3 (PubMed:27723720, PubMed:27723717). Also component of the aRPA, the alternative replication protein A complex, a trimeric complex similar to the replication protein A complex/RPA but where RPA1 and RPA3 are associated with RPA4 instead of RPA2 (PubMed:7760808, PubMed:19116208). The DNA-binding activity may reside exclusively on the RPA1 subunit. Interacts with PRPF19; the PRP19-CDC5L complex is recruited to the sites of DNA repair where it ubiquitinates the replication protein A complex (RPA) (PubMed:24332808). Interacts with RIPK1 (PubMed:16135809). Interacts with the polymerase alpha subunit POLA1/p180; this interaction stabilizes the replicative complex and reduces the misincorporation rate of DNA polymerase alpha by acting as a fidelity clamp (PubMed:9214288). Interacts with RAD51 and SENP6 to regulate DNA repair (PubMed:20705237). Interacts with HELB; this interaction promotes HELB recruitment to chromatin following DNA damage (PubMed:22194613, PubMed:26774285). Interacts with PRIMPOL (PubMed:24126761). Interacts with XPA; the interaction is direct and associates XPA with the RPA complex (PubMed:7700386, PubMed:9699634, PubMed:10563794). Interacts with ETAA1; the interaction is direct and promotes ETAA1 recruitment at stalled replication forks (PubMed:27601467, PubMed:27723720, PubMed:27723717).PTM DNA damage-induced 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination by PRPF19 mediates ATRIP recruitment to the RPA complex at sites of DNA damage and activation of ATR (PubMed:24332808). Ubiquitinated by RFWD3 at stalled replication forks in response to DNA damage: ubiquitination by RFWD3 does not lead to degradation by the proteasome and promotes removal of the RPA complex from stalled replication forks, promoting homologous recombination (PubMed:26474068).PTM Sumoylated on lysine residues Lys-449 and Lys-577, with Lys-449 being the major site. Sumoylation promotes recruitment of RAD51 to the DNA damage foci to initiate DNA repair through homologous recombination. Desumoylated by SENP6.SIMILARITY Belongs to the replication factor A protein 1 family.UniProtP276942EQUAL616EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068461Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68461ReactomeR-HSA-684612Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68461.21RPA3DNA Replication factor A protein 3 (14kD)RPA14Replication protein A 14 kDa subunitRP-ARF-AReplication factor-A protein 3Reactome DB_ID: 68459UniProt:P35244 RPA3RPA3REPA3RPA14FUNCTION As part of the heterotrimeric replication protein A complex (RPA/RP-A), binds and stabilizes single-stranded DNA intermediates that form during DNA replication or upon DNA stress. It prevents their reannealing and in parallel, recruits and activates different proteins and complexes involved in DNA metabolism. Thereby, it plays an essential role both in DNA replication and the cellular response to DNA damage (PubMed:9430682). In the cellular response to DNA damage, the RPA complex controls DNA repair and DNA damage checkpoint activation. Through recruitment of ATRIP activates the ATR kinase a master regulator of the DNA damage response (PubMed:24332808). It is required for the recruitment of the DNA double-strand break repair factors RAD51 and RAD52 to chromatin, in response to DNA damage. Also recruits to sites of DNA damage proteins like XPA and XPG that are involved in nucleotide excision repair and is required for this mechanism of DNA repair (PubMed:7697716). Plays also a role in base excision repair (BER), probably through interaction with UNG (PubMed:9765279). Also recruits SMARCAL1/HARP, which is involved in replication fork restart, to sites of DNA damage. May also play a role in telomere maintenance. RPA3 has its own single-stranded DNA-binding activity and may be responsible for polarity of the binding of the complex to DNA (PubMed:19010961). As part of the alternative replication protein A complex, aRPA, binds single-stranded DNA and probably plays a role in DNA repair. Compared to the RPA2-containing, canonical RPA complex, may not support chromosomal DNA replication and cell cycle progression through S-phase. The aRPA may not promote efficient priming by DNA polymerase alpha but could support DNA synthesis by polymerase delta in presence of PCNA and replication factor C (RFC), the dual incision/excision reaction of nucleotide excision repair and RAD51-dependent strand exchange (PubMed:19996105).SUBUNIT Component of the canonical replication protein A complex (RPA), a heterotrimer composed of RPA1, RPA2 and RPA3. Also component of the aRPA, the alternative replication protein A complex, a trimeric complex similar to the replication protein A complex/RPA but where RPA1 and RPA3 are associated with RPA4 instead of RPA2.PTM Ubiquitinated by RFWD3 at stalled replication forks in response to DNA damage: ubiquitination by RFWD3 does not lead to degradation by the proteasome and promotes removal of the RPA complex from stalled replication forks, promoting homologous recombination (PubMed:26474068).UniProtP352441EQUAL121EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068459Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68459ReactomeR-HSA-684592Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68459.21Reactome Database ID Release 7068462Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68462ReactomeR-HSA-684622Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68462.21RFC HeteropentamerReactome DB_ID: 68436RFC3RFC38Activator 1 38 kDa subunitReplication factor C 38 kDa subunitA1 38 kDa subunitRF-C 38 kDa subunitReplication factor C subunit 3Reactome DB_ID: 68431UniProt:P40938 RFC3RFC3FUNCTION The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and epsilon requires the action of the accessory proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and activator 1.SUBUNIT Heterotetramer of subunits RFC2, RFC3, RFC4 and RFC5 that can form a complex either with RFC1 or with RAD17. The former interacts with PCNA in the presence of ATP, while the latter has ATPase activity but is not stimulated by PCNA.SIMILARITY Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family.UniProtP409381EQUAL356EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068431Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68431ReactomeR-HSA-684312Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68431.21RFC1RFC140Activator 1 140 kDa subunitReplication factor C large subunitA1 140 kDa subunitRF-C 140 kDa subunitActivator 1 large subunitDNA-binding protein PO-GAReactome DB_ID: 68435UniProt:P35251 RFC1RFC1RFC140FUNCTION The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and epsilon requires the action of the accessory proteins PCNA and activator 1. This subunit binds to the primer-template junction. Binds the PO-B transcription element as well as other GA rich DNA sequences. Could play a role in DNA transcription regulation as well as DNA replication and/or repair. Can bind single- or double-stranded DNA.FUNCTION Interacts with C-terminus of PCNA. 5' phosphate residue is required for binding of the N-terminal DNA-binding domain to duplex DNA, suggesting a role in recognition of non-primer template DNA structures during replication and/or repair.SUBUNIT Heterotetramer of subunits RFC2, RFC3, RFC4 and RFC5 that can form a complex either with RFC1 or with RAD17. The former interacts with PCNA in the presence of ATP, while the latter has ATPase activity but is not stimulated by PCNA.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Wide tissue distribution. Undetectable in placental tissue.SIMILARITY Belongs to the activator 1 large subunit family.UniProtP352511EQUAL1148EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068435Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68435ReactomeR-HSA-684352Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68435.21RFC5RFC36Activator 1 36 kDa subunit (Replication factor C 36 kDa subunit) (A1 36 kDa subunit) (RF-C 36 kDa subunit) (RFC36)Activator 1 36 kDa subunitReplication factor C 36 kDa subunitA1 36 kDa subunitRF-C 36 kDa subunitReplication factor C subunit 5Reactome DB_ID: 68427UniProt:P40937 RFC5RFC5FUNCTION The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and epsilon requires the action of the accessory proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and activator 1.SUBUNIT Heterotetramer of subunits RFC2, RFC3, RFC4 and RFC5 that can form a complex either with RFC1 or with RAD17. The former interacts with PCNA in the presence of ATP, while the latter has ATPase activity but is not stimulated by PCNA.SIMILARITY Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family.UniProtP409371EQUAL340EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068427Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68427ReactomeR-HSA-684272Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68427.21RFC4RFC37Activator 1 37 kDa subunitReplication factor C 37 kDa subunitA1 37 kDa subunitRF-C 37 kDa subunitReactome DB_ID: 68429UniProt:P35249 RFC4RFC4FUNCTION The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and epsilon requires the action of the accessory proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and activator 1. This subunit may be involved in the elongation of the multiprimed DNA template.SUBUNIT Heterotetramer of subunits RFC2, RFC3, RFC4 and RFC5 that can form a complex either with RFC1 or with RAD17. The former interacts with PCNA in the presence of ATP, while the latter has ATPase activity but is not stimulated by PCNA.MISCELLANEOUS Despite of the presence of a putative ATP-binding motif, this protein does not bind ATP.SIMILARITY Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family.UniProtP352491EQUAL363EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068429Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68429ReactomeR-HSA-684292Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68429.21RFC2RFC40Activator 1 40 kDa subunitReplication factor C 40 kDa subunitA1 40 kDa subunitRF-C 40 kDa subunitReactome DB_ID: 68433UniProt:P35250 RFC2RFC2FUNCTION The elongation of primed DNA templates by DNA polymerase delta and epsilon requires the action of the accessory proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and activator 1. This subunit binds ATP (By similarity).SUBUNIT Heterotetramer of subunits RFC2, RFC3, RFC4 and RFC5 that can form a complex either with RFC1 or with RAD17. The former interacts with PCNA in the presence of ATP, while the latter has ATPase activity but is not stimulated by PCNA. RFC2 also interacts with PRKAR1A; the complex may be involved in cell survival (PubMed:15655353). Interacts with DDX11 (PubMed:18499658).DISEASE RFC2 is located in the Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) critical region. WBS results from a hemizygous deletion of several genes on chromosome 7q11.23, thought to arise as a consequence of unequal crossing over between highly homologous low-copy repeat sequences flanking the deleted region (PubMed:11003705).SIMILARITY Belongs to the activator 1 small subunits family.UniProtP352501EQUAL354EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068433Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68433ReactomeR-HSA-684332Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68433.21Reactome Database ID Release 7068436Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68436ReactomeR-HSA-684361Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68436.11Converted from EntitySet in Reactome(PCNA:POLD,POLE),(MonoUb:K164-PCNA:POLK)Reactome DB_ID: 6790534PCNA:POLD,POLEReactome DB_ID: 6790531Converted from EntitySet in ReactomePOLD,POLEReactome DB_ID: 5651800DNA Polymerase delta tetramerReactome DB_ID: 68450POLD1DNA pol delta catalytic subunitDNA polymerase delta catalytic subunit DNA polymerase delta subunit p125Reactome DB_ID: 68449UniProt:P28340 POLD1POLD1POLDFUNCTION As the catalytic component of the trimeric (Pol-delta3 complex) and tetrameric DNA polymerase delta complexes (Pol-delta4 complex), plays a crucial role in high fidelity genome replication, including in lagging strand synthesis, and repair. Exhibits both DNA polymerase and 3'- to 5'-exonuclease activities (PubMed:16510448, PubMed:19074196, PubMed:20334433, PubMed:24035200, PubMed:24022480). Requires the presence of accessory proteins POLD2, POLD3 and POLD4 for full activity. Depending upon the absence (Pol-delta3) or the presence of POLD4 (Pol-delta4), displays differences in catalytic activity. Most notably, expresses higher proofreading activity in the context of Pol-delta3 compared with that of Pol-delta4 (PubMed:19074196, PubMed:20334433). Although both Pol-delta3 and Pol-delta4 process Okazaki fragments in vitro, Pol-delta3 may be better suited to fulfill this task, exhibiting near-absence of strand displacement activity compared to Pol-delta4 and stalling on encounter with the 5'-blocking oligonucleotides. Pol-delta3 idling process may avoid the formation of a gap, while maintaining a nick that can be readily ligated (PubMed:24035200). Along with DNA polymerase kappa, DNA polymerase delta carries out approximately half of nucleotide excision repair (NER) synthesis following UV irradiation (PubMed:20227374). Under conditions of DNA replication stress, in the presence of POLD3 and POLD4, may catalyze the repair of broken replication forks through break-induced replication (BIR) (PubMed:24310611). Involved in the translesion synthesis (TLS) of templates carrying O6-methylguanine or abasic sites (PubMed:19074196).ACTIVITY REGULATION Regulated by alteration of quaternary structure. Exhibits burst rates of DNA synthesis are about 5 times faster in the presence of POLD4 (Pol-delta4 complex) than in its absence (Pol-delta3 complex), while the affinity of the enzyme for its DNA and dNTP substrates appears unchanged. The Pol-delta3 complex is more likely to proofread DNA synthesis because it cleaves single-stranded DNA twice as fast and transfers mismatched DNA from the polymerase to the exonuclease sites 9 times faster compared to the Pol-delta3 complex. Pol-delta3 also extends mismatched primers 3 times more slowly in the absence of POLD4. The conversion of Pol-delta4 into Pol-delta3 is induced by genotoxic stress or by replication stress leading POLD4 degradation (PubMed:19074196, PubMed:20334433). Stimulated in the presence of PCNA (PubMed:11328591, PubMed:12403614, PubMed:12522211, PubMed:16510448, PubMed:24022480, PubMed:24939902). This stimulation is further increased in the presence of KCTD13/PDIP1, most probably via direct interaction between KCTD13 and POLD2 (By similarity).SUBUNIT Component of the tetrameric DNA polymerase delta complex (Pol-delta4), which consists of POLD1/p125, POLD2/p50, POLD3/p66/p68 and POLD4/p12, with POLD1 bearing both DNA polymerase and 3' to 5' proofreading exonuclease activities (PubMed:11595739, PubMed:12522211, PubMed:17317665, PubMed:22801543). Within Pol-delta4, directly interacts with POLD2 and POLD4 (PubMed:11328591, PubMed:12403614, PubMed:16510448). Following genotoxic stress by DNA-damaging agents, such as ultraviolet light and methyl methanesulfonate, or by replication stress induced by treatment with hydroxyurea or aphidicolin, Pol-delta4 is converted into a trimeric form of the complex (Pol-delta3) by POLD4 degradation. Pol-delta3 is the major form at S phase replication sites and DNA damage sites (PubMed:22801543, PubMed:17317665). POLD1 displays different catalytic properties depending upon the complex it is found in (PubMed:17317665). It exhibits higher proofreading activity and fidelity than Pol-delta4, making it particularly well suited to respond to DNA damage (PubMed:19074196, PubMed:20334433). Directly interacts with PCNA, as do POLD3 and POLD4; this interaction stimulates Pol-delta4 polymerase activity (PubMed:11328591, PubMed:12403614, PubMed:12522211, PubMed:16510448, PubMed:24022480, PubMed:24939902). As POLD2 and POLD4, directly interacts with WRNIP1; this interaction stimulates DNA polymerase delta-mediated DNA synthesis, independently of the presence of PCNA. This stimulation may be due predominantly to an increase of initiation frequency and also to increased processivity (PubMed:15670210). Also observed as a dimeric complex with POLD2 (Pol-delta2 complex). Pol-delta2 is relatively insensitive to the PCNA stimulation (2-5-fold) compared to Pol-delta4 that is stimulated by over 50-fold (PubMed:12403614). The DNA polymerase delta complex interacts with POLDIP2; this interaction is probably mediated through direct binding to POLD2 (PubMed:12522211). Interacts with CIAO1 (PubMed:23891004).TISSUE SPECIFICITY Widely expressed, with high levels of expression in heart and lung.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expression is cell cycle-dependent, with highest levels in G2/M phase and lowest in G1.INDUCTION Up-regulated by serum stimulation.DOMAIN The CysB motif binds 1 4Fe-4S cluster and is required for the formation of polymerase complexes.SIMILARITY Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B family.UniProtP283401EQUAL1107EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068449Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68449ReactomeR-HSA-684492Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68449.21POLD4DNA pol delta subunit 4DNA polymerase delta subunit 4DNA polymerase delta subunit p12Reactome DB_ID: 68447UniProt:Q9HCU8 POLD4POLD4POLDSFUNCTION As a component of the tetrameric DNA polymerase delta complex (Pol-delta4), plays a role in high fidelity genome replication and repair. Within this complex, increases the rate of DNA synthesis and decreases fidelity by regulating POLD1 polymerase and proofreading 3' to 5' exonuclease activity (PubMed:16510448, PubMed:19074196, PubMed:20334433). Pol-delta4 participates in Okazaki fragment processing, through both the short flap pathway, as well as a nick translation system (PubMed:24035200). Under conditions of DNA replication stress, required for the repair of broken replication forks through break-induced replication (BIR), a mechanism that may induce segmental genomic duplications of up to 200 kb (PubMed:24310611). Involved in Pol-delta4 translesion synthesis (TLS) of templates carrying O6-methylguanine or abasic sites (PubMed:19074196). Its degradation in response to DNA damage is required for the inhibition of fork progression and cell survival (PubMed:24022480).SUBUNIT Component of the tetrameric DNA polymerase delta complex (Pol-delta4), which consists of POLD1/p125, POLD2/p50, POLD3/p66/p68 and POLD4/p12, with POLD1 bearing DNA polymerase and 3' to 5' proofreading exonuclease activities (PubMed:16510448, PubMed:17317665, PubMed:22801543). Within this complex, directly interacts with POLD1 and POLD2 (PubMed:12403614, PubMed:16510448). Directly interacts with PCNA, as do POLD1 and POLD3; this interaction stimulates Pol-delta4 polymerase activity (PubMed:24022480). As POLD1 and POLD2, directly interacts with WRNIP1; this interaction stimulates DNA polymerase delta-mediated DNA synthesis, independently of the presence of PCNA. This stimulation may be due predominantly to an increase of initiation frequency and also to increased processivity (PubMed:15670210). Upon genotoxic stress induced by DNA damaging agents or by replication stress, POLD4 is proteolytically degraded and Pol-delta4 is converted into a trimeric form of the complex (Pol-delta3) which has an increased proofreading activity (PubMed:22801543, PubMed:17317665). The DNA polymerase delta complex interacts with POLDIP2; this interaction is probably mediated through direct binding to POLD2 (PubMed:12522211).DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expression is cell cycle-dependent, with highest levels in G2/M phase and a drastic drop in S phase (PubMed:22801543, PubMed:23913683). This trough may be mediated by DCX(DTL) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex (also called CRL4(CDT2))-mediated proteasomal degradation (PubMed:23913683).INDUCTION In response to DNA damage, genotoxic stress and replication stress, following UV irradiation, ionizing radiation, treatment with methyl methanesulfonate, hydroxyurea, or with aphidicolin, protein expression drops to undetectable levels, due to proteasomal degradation (PubMed:17317665, PubMed:22801543, PubMed:23233665, PubMed:23913683, PubMed:24300032). This down-regulation is ATR-dependent (PubMed:17317665).PTM Ubiquitinated; undergoes 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitination in response to UV irradiation, leading to proteasomal degradation (PubMed:17317665, PubMed:16934752, PubMed:23233665, PubMed:23913683). This modification is partly mediated by RNF8 and by the DCX(DTL) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex (also called CRL4(CDT2)) (PubMed:23233665, PubMed:24022480). Efficient degradation requires the presence of PCNA and is required for the inhibition of fork progression after DNA damage (PubMed:24022480).SIMILARITY Belongs to the DNA polymerase delta subunit 4 family.UniProtQ9HCU81EQUAL107EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068447Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68447ReactomeR-HSA-684472Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68447.21POLD3DNA pol delta subunit 3DNA polymerase delta subunit 3DNA polymerase delta subunit p66Reactome DB_ID: 68445UniProt:Q15054 POLD3POLD3KIAA0039FUNCTION As a component of the trimeric and tetrameric DNA polymerase delta complexes (Pol-delta3 and Pol-delta4, respectively), plays a role in high fidelity genome replication, including in lagging strand synthesis, and repair. Required for optimal Pol-delta activity. Stabilizes the Pol-delta complex and plays a major role in Pol-delta stimulation by PCNA (PubMed:10219083, PubMed:10852724, PubMed:11595739, PubMed:16510448, PubMed:24035200). Pol-delta3 and Pol-delta4 are characterized by the absence or the presence of POLD4. They exhibit differences in catalytic activity. Most notably, Pol-delta3 shows higher proofreading activity than Pol-delta4 (PubMed:19074196, PubMed:20334433). Although both Pol-delta3 and Pol-delta4 process Okazaki fragments in vitro, Pol-delta3 may also be better suited to fulfill this task, exhibiting near-absence of strand displacement activity compared to Pol-delta4 and stalling on encounter with the 5'-blocking oligonucleotides. Pol-delta3 idling process may avoid the formation of a gap, while maintaining a nick that can be readily ligated (PubMed:24035200). Along with DNA polymerase kappa, DNA polymerase delta carries out approximately half of nucleotide excision repair (NER) synthesis following UV irradiation. In this context, POLD3, along with PCNA and RFC1-replication factor C complex, is required to recruit POLD1, the catalytic subunit of the polymerase delta complex, to DNA damage sites (PubMed:20227374). Under conditions of DNA replication stress, required for the repair of broken replication forks through break-induced replication (BIR) (PubMed:24310611). Involved in the translesion synthesis (TLS) of templates carrying O6-methylguanine or abasic sites performed by Pol-delta4, independently of DNA polymerase zeta (REV3L) or eta (POLH). Facilitates abasic site bypass by DNA polymerase delta by promoting extension from the nucleotide inserted opposite the lesion (PubMed:19074196, PubMed:25628356, PubMed:27185888). Also involved in TLS, as a component of the POLZ complex. Along with POLD2, dramatically increases the efficiency and processivity of DNA synthesis of the minimal DNA polymerase zeta complex, consisting of only REV3L and REV7 (PubMed:24449906).SUBUNIT Component of the tetrameric DNA polymerase delta complex (Pol-delta4), which consists of POLD1/p125, POLD2/p50, POLD3/p66/p68 and POLD4/p12, with POLD1 bearing DNA polymerase and 3' to 5' proofreading exonuclease activities (PubMed:11328591, PubMed:11595739, PubMed:17317665, PubMed:22801543). Within this complex, directly interacts with POLD2 (PubMed:11328591, PubMed:16510448, PubMed:18818516). Following stress caused by DNA damaging agents or by replication stress, POLD4 is degraded and Pol-delta4 is converted into a trimeric form of the complex (Pol-delta3), which consists of POLD1, POLD2 and POLD3. Pol-delta3 is the major form occurring at S phase replication sites, as well as DNA damage sites (PubMed:11595739, PubMed:17317665, PubMed:22801543, PubMed:23913683). Directly interacts with PCNA, as do POLD1 and POLD4; this interaction stimulates Pol-delta polymerase activity (PubMed:11328591, PubMed:11595739, PubMed:12403614, PubMed:16510448, PubMed:22148433). POLD3 phosphorylation at Ser-458 impairs PCNA binding (PubMed:22148433). Component of the DNA polymerase zeta complex (POLZ), which consists of REV3L, MAD2L2, POLD2 and POLD3, with REV3L bearing DNA polymerase catalytic activity (PubMed:24449906). The DNA polymerase delta complex interacts with POLDIP2; this interaction is probably mediated through direct binding to POLD2 (PubMed:12522211).DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expression is cell cycle-dependent, with highest levels in G2/M phase and lowest in G1.PTM Ubiquitinated, but not targeted to the proteasome (PubMed:16934752). Sumoylated (PubMed:16934752, PubMed:25218447). Sumoylation with SUMO3 may be predominant (PubMed:16934752).PTM Phosphorylation at Ser-458 is catalyzed in vitro by PKA. It is thought to decrease the affinity for PCNA and Pol-delta4 processivity (PubMed:22148433). Can also be phosphorylated in vitro by CDK1-cyclin-A complex, as well as CDK2-cyclin-A and CDK2-cyclin-E complexes. PCNA interferes with CDK-cyclin phosphorylation (PubMed:11595739).UniProtQ150542EQUAL466EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068445Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68445ReactomeR-HSA-684452Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68445.21POLD2DNA pol delta subunit 2DNA polymerase delta subunit 2 Reactome DB_ID: 68443UniProt:P49005 POLD2POLD2FUNCTION As a component of the trimeric and tetrameric DNA polymerase delta complexes (Pol-delta3 and Pol-delta4, respectively), plays a role in high fidelity genome replication, including in lagging strand synthesis, and repair (PubMed:12403614, PubMed:16510448, PubMed:19074196, PubMed:20334433, PubMed:24035200). Pol-delta3 and Pol-delta4 are characterized by the absence or the presence of POLD4. They exhibit differences in catalytic activity. Most notably, Pol-delta3 shows higher proofreading activity than Pol-delta4 (PubMed:19074196, PubMed:20334433). Although both Pol-delta3 and Pol-delta4 process Okazaki fragments in vitro, Pol-delta3 may also be better suited to fulfill this task, exhibiting near-absence of strand displacement activity compared to Pol-delta4 and stalling on encounter with the 5'-blocking oligonucleotides. Pol-delta3 idling process may avoid the formation of a gap, while maintaining a nick that can be readily ligated (PubMed:24035200). Along with DNA polymerase kappa, DNA polymerase delta carries out approximately half of nucleotide excision repair (NER) synthesis following UV irradiation (PubMed:20227374). Under conditions of DNA replication stress, required for the repair of broken replication forks through break-induced replication (BIR) (PubMed:24310611). Involved in the translesion synthesis (TLS) of templates carrying O6-methylguanine or abasic sites performed by Pol-delta4, independently of DNA polymerase zeta (REV3L) or eta (POLH). Facilitates abasic site bypass by DNA polymerase delta by promoting extension from the nucleotide inserted opposite the lesion. Also involved in TLS as a component of the POLZ complex. Along with POLD3, dramatically increases the efficiency and processivity of DNA synthesis of the minimal DNA polymerase zeta complex, consisting of only REV3L and REV7 (PubMed:24449906).SUBUNIT Component of the tetrameric DNA polymerase delta complex (Pol-delta4), which consists of POLD1/p125, POLD2/p50, POLD3/p66/p68 and POLD4/p12, with POLD1 bearing DNA polymerase and 3' to 5' proofreading exonuclease activities (PubMed:22801543, PubMed:17317665). Within Pol-delta4, directly interacts with POLD1, POLD3 and POLD4 (PubMed:11328591, PubMed:16510448). Following stress caused by DNA damaging agents or by replication stress, POLD4 is degraded and Pol-delta4 is converted into a trimeric form of the complex (Pol-delta3), which consists of POLD1, POLD2 and POLD3. Pol-delta3 is the major form occurring at S phase replication sites, as well as DNA damage sites (PubMed:22801543, PubMed:17317665). Also observed as a dimeric complex with POLD2 (Pol-delta2 complex). Pol-delta2 is relatively insensitive to the PCNA stimulation (2-5-fold) compared to Pol-delta4 that is stimulated by over 50-fold (PubMed:12403614). Contrary to the other components of Pol-delta4, does not directly interact with PCNA (PubMed:12403614, PubMed:16510448). As POLD1 and POLD4, directly interacts with WRNIP1; this interaction stimulates DNA polymerase delta-mediated DNA synthesis, independently of the presence of PCNA. This stimulation may be due predominantly to an increase of initiation frequency and also to increased processivity (PubMed:15670210). Directly interacts with POLDIP2 and POLDIP3 (PubMed:12522211). Directly interacts with KCTD13/PDIP1; in the presence of PCNA, this interaction may stimulate DNA polymerase activity (PubMed:11593007). Component of the DNA polymerase zeta complex (POLZ), which consists of REV3L, MAD2L2, POLD2 and POLD3, with REV3L bearing DNA polymerase catalytic activity (PubMed:24449906). Interacts with KCTD10 (By similarity).DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expression is cell cycle-dependent, with highest levels in G2/M phase and lowest in S.SIMILARITY Belongs to the DNA polymerase delta/II small subunit family.UniProtP490051EQUAL469EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068443Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68443ReactomeR-HSA-684432Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68443.21Reactome Database ID Release 7068450Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68450ReactomeR-HSA-684501Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68450.1DNA polymerase epsilonReactome DB_ID: 68483POLE4DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 4 ecNumber2.7.7.7/ecNumberDPOE4_HUMANReactome DB_ID: 8866684UniProt:Q9NR33 POLE4POLE4FUNCTION May play a role in allowing polymerase epsilon to carry out its replication and/or repair function.SUBUNIT Component of the epsilon DNA polymerase complex consisting of four subunits: POLE, POLE2, POLE3 and POLE4. Interaction with POLE3 is a prerequisite for further binding with POLE and POLE2.UniProtQ9NR332EQUAL117EQUALReactome Database ID Release 708866684Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=8866684ReactomeR-HSA-88666842Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-8866684.21POLE2DNA polymerase epsilon subunit B DNA polymerase II subunit BReactome DB_ID: 68482UniProt:P56282 POLE2POLE2DPE2FUNCTION Participates in DNA repair and in chromosomal DNA replication.SUBUNIT Component of the epsilon DNA polymerase complex consisting of four subunits: POLE, POLE2, POLE3 and POLE4.MISCELLANEOUS In eukaryotes there are five DNA polymerases: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon which are responsible for different reactions of DNA synthesis.SIMILARITY Belongs to the DNA polymerase epsilon subunit B family.UniProtP562821EQUAL527EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068482Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68482ReactomeR-HSA-684822Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68482.21POLEDNA polymerase epsilon, catalytic subunit A DNA polymerase II subunit AReactome DB_ID: 68473UniProt:Q07864 POLEPOLEPOLE1FUNCTION Participates in DNA repair and in chromosomal DNA replication.SUBUNIT Catalytic and central component of the epsilon DNA polymerase complex consisting of four subunits: POLE, POLE2, POLE3 and POLE4. Interacts with RAD17 and TOPBP1.DOMAIN The DNA polymerase activity domain resides in the N-terminal half of the protein, while the C-terminus is necessary for complexing subunits B and C. The C-terminus may also regulate the catalytic activities of the enzyme.DOMAIN The CysB motif binds 1 4Fe-4S cluster and is required for the formation of polymerase complexes.SIMILARITY Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-B family.UniProtQ078641EQUAL2286EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068473Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68473ReactomeR-HSA-684732Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68473.21POLE3DNA polymerase epsilon subunit 3 ecNumber2.7.7.7/ecNumberDPOE3_HUMANReactome DB_ID: 8866685UniProt:Q9NRF9 POLE3POLE3CHRAC17FUNCTION Forms a complex with DNA polymerase epsilon subunit CHRAC1 and binds naked DNA, which is then incorporated into chromatin, aided by the nucleosome-remodeling activity of ISWI/SNF2H and ACF1.SUBUNIT Component of the epsilon DNA polymerase complex consisting of four subunits: POLE, POLE2, POLE3 and POLE4. Interaction with POLE4 is a prerequisite for further binding with POLE and POLE2. Interacts with CHRAC1. Together with CHRAC1, ACF1 and ISWI/SNF2H proteins, it forms the ISWI chromatin-remodeling complex, CHRAC.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Expressed in all tissues tested, including, heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas.UniProtQ9NRF92EQUAL147EQUALReactome Database ID Release 708866685Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=8866685ReactomeR-HSA-88666852Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-8866685.21Reactome Database ID Release 7068483Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68483ReactomeR-HSA-684832Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68483.2Reactome Database ID Release 705651800Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=5651800ReactomeR-HSA-56518001Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-5651800.11PCNA homotrimerReactome DB_ID: 68440PCNAProliferating cell nuclear antigenCyclinReactome DB_ID: 68439UniProt:P12004 PCNAPCNAFUNCTION Auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and is involved in the control of eukaryotic DNA replication by increasing the polymerase's processibility during elongation of the leading strand. Induces a robust stimulatory effect on the 3'-5' exonuclease and 3'-phosphodiesterase, but not apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease, APEX2 activities. Has to be loaded onto DNA in order to be able to stimulate APEX2. Plays a key role in DNA damage response (DDR) by being conveniently positioned at the replication fork to coordinate DNA replication with DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance pathways (PubMed:24939902). Acts as a loading platform to recruit DDR proteins that allow completion of DNA replication after DNA damage and promote postreplication repair: Monoubiquitinated PCNA leads to recruitment of translesion (TLS) polymerases, while 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of PCNA is involved in error-free pathway and employs recombination mechanisms to synthesize across the lesion (PubMed:24695737).SUBUNIT Homotrimer (PubMed:24939902). Interacts with p300/EP300; the interaction occurs on chromatin in UV-irradiated damaged cells (PubMed:24939902). Interacts with CREBBP (via transactivation domain and C-terminus); the interaction occurs on chromatin in UV-irradiated damaged cells (PubMed:24939902). Directly interacts with POLD1, POLD3 and POLD4 subunits of the DNA polymerase delta complex, POLD3 being the major interacting partner; the interaction with POLD3 is inhibited by CDKN1A/p21(CIP1) (PubMed:11595739, PubMed:16510448, PubMed:22148433, PubMed:24939902). Forms a complex with activator 1 heteropentamer in the presence of ATP. Interacts with EXO1, POLH, POLK, DNMT1, ERCC5, FEN1, CDC6 and POLDIP2 (PubMed:9305916, PubMed:9302295, PubMed:9566895, PubMed:11784855, PubMed:12522211, PubMed:15225546, PubMed:15149598, PubMed:24911150, PubMed:15616578). Interacts with APEX2; this interaction is triggered by reactive oxygen species and increased by misincorporation of uracil in nuclear DNA (PubMed:11376153, PubMed:19443450). Forms a ternary complex with DNTTIP2 and core histone (PubMed:12786946). Interacts with KCTD10 and PPP1R15A (By similarity). Directly interacts with BAZ1B (PubMed:15543136). Interacts with HLTF and SHPRH (PubMed:17130289, PubMed:18316726, PubMed:18719106). Interacts with NUDT15; this interaction is disrupted in response to UV irradiation and acetylation (PubMed:19419956). Interacts with CDKN1A/p21(CIP1) and CDT1; interacts via their PIP-box which also recruits the DCX(DTL) complex. The interaction with CDKN1A inhibits POLD3 binding (PubMed:11595739, PubMed:16949367, PubMed:18794347, PubMed:18703516). Interacts with DDX11 (PubMed:18499658). Interacts with EGFR; positively regulates PCNA (PubMed:17115032). Interacts with PARPBP (PubMed:22153967). Interacts (when ubiquitinated) with SPRTN; leading to enhance RAD18-mediated PCNA ubiquitination (PubMed:22681887). Interacts (when polyubiquitinated) with ZRANB3 (PubMed:22704558, PubMed:22705370, PubMed:22759634). Interacts with SMARCAD1 (PubMed:21549307). Interacts with CDKN1C (PubMed:22634751). Interacts with PCLAF (via PIP-box) (PubMed:21628590, PubMed:23000965). Interacts with RTEL1 (via PIP-box); the interaction is direct and essential for the suppression of telomere fragility (PubMed:24115439). Interacts with FAM111A (via PIP-box); the interaction is direct and required for PCNA loading on chromatin binding (PubMed:24561620). Interacts with LIG1 (PubMed:24911150). Interacts with SETMAR (PubMed:20457750). Interacts with ANKRD17 (PubMed:23711367). Interacts with FBXO18/FBH1 (via PIP-box); the interaction recruits the DCX(DTL) complex and promotes ubiquitination and degradation of FBXO18/FBH1 (PubMed:23677613). Interacts with POLN (PubMed:19995904). Interacts with SDE2 (via PIP-box); the interaction is direct and prevents ultraviolet light induced monoubiquitination (PubMed:27906959). Component of the replisome complex composed of at least DONSON, MCM2, MCM7, PCNA and TICRR; interaction at least with PCNA occurs during DNA replication (PubMed:28191891). Interacts with MAPK15; the interaction is chromatin binding dependent and prevents MDM2-mediated PCNA destruction by inhibiting the association of PCNA with MDM2 (PubMed:20733054). Interacts with PARP10 (via PIP-box) (PubMed:24695737). Interacts with DDI2 (PubMed:29290612). Interacts with HMCES (via PIP-box) (PubMed:30554877).SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with herpes virus 8 protein LANA1.PTM Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation at Tyr-211 by EGFR stabilizes chromatin-associated PCNA.PTM Acetylated by CREBBP and p300/EP300; preferentially acetylated by CREBBP on Lys-80, Lys-13 and Lys-14 and on Lys-77 by p300/EP300 upon loading on chromatin in response to UV irradiation (PubMed:24939902, PubMed:19419956). Lysine acetylation disrupts association with chromatin, hence promoting PCNA ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation in response to UV damage in a CREBBP- and EP300-dependent manner (PubMed:24939902). Acetylation disrupts interaction with NUDT15 and promotes degradation (PubMed:19419956).PTM Ubiquitinated (PubMed:24939902, PubMed:20227374). Following DNA damage, can be either monoubiquitinated to stimulate direct bypass of DNA lesions by specialized DNA polymerases or polyubiquitinated to promote recombination-dependent DNA synthesis across DNA lesions by template switching mechanisms. Following induction of replication stress, monoubiquitinated by the UBE2B-RAD18 complex on Lys-164, leading to recruit translesion (TLS) polymerases, which are able to synthesize across DNA lesions in a potentially error-prone manner. An error-free pathway also exists and requires non-canonical polyubiquitination on Lys-164 through 'Lys-63' linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 complex UBE2N-UBE2V2 and the E3 ligases, HLTF, RNF8 and SHPRH. This error-free pathway, also known as template switching, employs recombination mechanisms to synthesize across the lesion, using as a template the undamaged, newly synthesized strand of the sister chromatid. Monoubiquitination at Lys-164 also takes place in undamaged proliferating cells, and is mediated by the DCX(DTL) complex, leading to enhance PCNA-dependent translesion DNA synthesis. Sumoylated during S phase.PTM Methylated on glutamate residues by ARMT1/C6orf211.MISCELLANEOUS Antibodies against PCNA are present in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.SIMILARITY Belongs to the PCNA family.UniProtP120041EQUAL261EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7068439Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68439ReactomeR-HSA-684392Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68439.23Reactome Database ID Release 7068440Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68440ReactomeR-HSA-684401Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68440.11Reactome Database ID Release 706790531Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6790531ReactomeR-HSA-67905311Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6790531.1MonoUb:K164-PCNA homotrimer:POLKReactome DB_ID: 6790533POLKDNA polymerase kappaDINB1DINPReactome DB_ID: 5655487UniProt:Q9UBT6 POLKPOLKDINB1FUNCTION DNA polymerase specifically involved in DNA repair. Plays an important role in translesion synthesis, where the normal high-fidelity DNA polymerases cannot proceed and DNA synthesis stalls. Depending on the context, it inserts the correct base, but causes frequent base transitions, transversions and frameshifts. Lacks 3'-5' proofreading exonuclease activity. Forms a Schiff base with 5'-deoxyribose phosphate at abasic sites, but does not have lyase activity.SUBUNIT Interacts with REV1 (By similarity). Interacts with PCNA (PubMed:11784855).TISSUE SPECIFICITY Detected at low levels in testis, spleen, prostate and ovary. Detected at very low levels in kidney, colon, brain, heart, liver, lung, placenta, pancreas and peripheral blood leukocytes.DOMAIN The catalytic core consists of fingers, palm and thumb subdomains, but the fingers and thumb subdomains are much smaller than in high-fidelity polymerases; residues from five sequence motifs of the Y-family cluster around an active site cleft that can accommodate DNA and nucleotide substrates with relaxed geometric constraints, with consequently higher rates of misincorporation and low processivity.SIMILARITY Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-Y family.UniProtQ9UBT61EQUAL870EQUALReactome Database ID Release 705655487Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=5655487ReactomeR-HSA-56554871Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-5655487.11MonoUb:K164-PCNA homotrimerReactome DB_ID: 5651993MonoUb:K164-PCNAReactome DB_ID: 5651984MonoUb-K164-PCNAReactome DB_ID: 5651986164EQUALubiquitinylated lysineMODMOD:011481EQUAL261EQUALReactome Database ID Release 705651986Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=5651986ReactomeR-HSA-56519861Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-5651986.11Converted from EntitySet in ReactomeUbUbiquitinUBIQ_HUMANReactome DB_ID: 68524RPS27A(1-76)ubiquitin (RPS27A)Reactome DB_ID: 939849UniProt:P62979 RPS27ARPS27AUBA80UBCEP1FUNCTION Ubiquitin: Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.FUNCTION 40S Ribosomal protein S27a: Component of the 40S subunit of the ribosome.SUBUNIT Ribosomal protein S27a is part of the 40S ribosomal subunit.PTM Ubiquitin: Phosphorylated at Ser-65 by PINK1 during mitophagy. Phosphorylated ubiquitin specifically binds and activates parkin (PRKN), triggering mitophagy (PubMed:24660806, PubMed:24751536, PubMed:24784582, PubMed:25527291). Phosphorylation does not affect E1-mediated E2 charging of ubiquitin but affects discharging of E2 enzymes to form polyubiquitin chains. It also affects deubiquitination by deubiquitinase enzymes such as USP30 (PubMed:25527291).PTM Ubiquitin: Mono-ADP-ribosylated at the C-terminus by PARP9, a component of the PPAR9-DTX3L complex. ADP-ribosylation requires processing by E1 and E2 enzymes and prevents ubiquitin conjugation to substrates such as histones.MISCELLANEOUS Ubiquitin is encoded by 4 different genes. UBA52 and RPS27A genes code for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins L40 and S27a, respectively. UBB and UBC genes code for a polyubiquitin precursor with exact head to tail repeats, the number of repeats differ between species and strains.MISCELLANEOUS For a better understanding, features related to ubiquitin are only indicated for the first chain.SIMILARITY In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.SIMILARITY In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS31 family.UniProtP629791EQUAL76EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70939849Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939849ReactomeR-HSA-9398491Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-939849.1UBA52(1-76)ubiquitin (UBA52)Reactome DB_ID: 939844UniProt:P62987 UBA52UBA52UBCEP2FUNCTION Ubiquitin: Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.FUNCTION 60S ribosomal protein L40: Component of the 60S subunit of the ribosome. Ribosomal protein L40 is essential for translation of a subset of cellular transcripts, and especially for cap-dependent translation of vesicular stomatitis virus mRNAs.SUBUNIT Ribosomal protein L40 is part of the 60S ribosomal subunit. Interacts with UBQLN1 (via UBA domain).PTM Ubiquitin: Phosphorylated at Ser-65 by PINK1 during mitophagy. Phosphorylated ubiquitin specifically binds and activates parkin (PRKN), triggering mitophagy (PubMed:24660806, PubMed:24751536, PubMed:24784582, PubMed:25527291). Phosphorylation does not affect E1-mediated E2 charging of ubiquitin but affects discharging of E2 enzymes to form polyubiquitin chains. It also affects deubiquitination by deubiquitinase enzymes such as USP30 (PubMed:25527291).PTM Ubiquitin: Mono-ADP-ribosylated at the C-terminus by PARP9, a component of the PPAR9-DTX3L complex. ADP-ribosylation requires processing by E1 and E2 enzymes and prevents ubiquitin conjugation to substrates such as histones.MISCELLANEOUS Ubiquitin is encoded by 4 different genes. UBA52 and RPS27A genes code for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins L40 and S27a, respectively. UBB and UBC genes code for a polyubiquitin precursor with exact head to tail repeats, the number of repeats differ between species and strains.MISCELLANEOUS For a better understanding, features related to ubiquitin are only indicated for the first chain.SIMILARITY In the N-terminal section; belongs to the ubiquitin family.SIMILARITY In the C-terminal section; belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eL40 family.UniProtP629871EQUAL76EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70939844Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939844ReactomeR-HSA-9398441Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-939844.1UBBUBB(1-76)ubiquitin (UBB 1)Reactome DB_ID: 939847UniProt:P0CG47 UBBUBBFUNCTION Ubiquitin: Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.PTM Ubiquitin: Phosphorylated at Ser-65 by PINK1 during mitophagy. Phosphorylated ubiquitin specifically binds and activates parkin (PRKN), triggering mitophagy (PubMed:24660806, PubMed:24751536, PubMed:24784582, PubMed:25527291). Phosphorylation does not affect E1-mediated E2 charging of ubiquitin but affects discharging of E2 enzymes to form polyubiquitin chains. It also affects deubiquitination by deubiquitinase enzymes such as USP30 (PubMed:25527291).PTM Ubiquitin: Mono-ADP-ribosylated at the C-terminus by PARP9, a component of the PPAR9-DTX3L complex. ADP-ribosylation requires processing by E1 and E2 enzymes and prevents ubiquitin conjugation to substrates such as histones.MISCELLANEOUS Ubiquitin is encoded by 4 different genes. UBA52 and RPS27A genes code for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins L40 and S27a, respectively. UBB and UBC genes code for a polyubiquitin precursor with exact head to tail repeats, the number of repeats differ between species and strains.MISCELLANEOUS The mRNA encoding variant UBB(+1) is produced by an unknown mechanism involving the deletion of a GT dinucleotide in the close proximity of a GAGAG motif (PubMed:9422699). This variant mRNA is found in normal brain, but the encoded protein accumulates only in brain neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies, as well as polyglutaminopathies (PubMed:14597671). UBB(+1) variant cannot be used for polyubiquitination, is not effectively degraded by the proteasome when ubiquitinated and ubiquitinated UBB(+1) is refractory to disassembly by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs). In healthy brain, UBB(+1) C-terminus can be cleaved by UCHL3 (PubMed:21762696).MISCELLANEOUS For a better understanding, features related to ubiquitin are only indicated for the first chain.SIMILARITY Belongs to the ubiquitin family.UniProtP0CG471EQUAL76EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70939847Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939847ReactomeR-HSA-9398471Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-939847.1UBB(77-152)ubiquitin (UBB 2)Reactome DB_ID: 93987077EQUAL152EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70939870Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939870ReactomeR-HSA-9398701Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-939870.1UBB(153-228)ubiquitin (UBB 3)Reactome DB_ID: 939854153EQUAL228EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70939854Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939854ReactomeR-HSA-9398541Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-939854.1UBCUBC(1-76)ubiquitin (UBC 1)Reactome DB_ID: 939871UniProt:P0CG48 UBCUBCFUNCTION Ubiquitin: Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair; Lys-11-linked is involved in ERAD (endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation) and in cell-cycle regulation; Lys-29-linked is involved in lysosomal degradation; Lys-33-linked is involved in kinase modification; Lys-48-linked is involved in protein degradation via the proteasome; Lys-63-linked is involved in endocytosis, DNA-damage responses as well as in signaling processes leading to activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa-B. Linear polymer chains formed via attachment by the initiator Met lead to cell signaling. Ubiquitin is usually conjugated to Lys residues of target proteins, however, in rare cases, conjugation to Cys or Ser residues has been observed. When polyubiquitin is free (unanchored-polyubiquitin), it also has distinct roles, such as in activation of protein kinases, and in signaling.PTM Ubiquitin: Phosphorylated at Ser-65 by PINK1 during mitophagy. Phosphorylated ubiquitin specifically binds and activates parkin (PRKN), triggering mitophagy (PubMed:24660806, PubMed:24751536, PubMed:24784582, PubMed:25527291). Phosphorylation does not affect E1-mediated E2 charging of ubiquitin but affects discharging of E2 enzymes to form polyubiquitin chains. It also affects deubiquitination by deubiquitinase enzymes such as USP30 (PubMed:25527291).PTM Ubiquitin: Mono-ADP-ribosylated at the C-terminus by PARP9, a component of the PPAR9-DTX3L complex. ADP-ribosylation requires processing by E1 and E2 enzymes and prevents ubiquitin conjugation to substrates such as histones.MISCELLANEOUS Ubiquitin is encoded by 4 different genes. UBA52 and RPS27A genes code for a single copy of ubiquitin fused to the ribosomal proteins L40 and S27a, respectively. UBB and UBC genes code for a polyubiquitin precursor with exact head to tail repeats, the number of repeats differ between species and strains.MISCELLANEOUS For the sake of clarity sequence features are annotated only for the first chain, and are not repeated for each of the following chains.SIMILARITY Belongs to the ubiquitin family.UniProtP0CG481EQUAL76EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70939871Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939871ReactomeR-HSA-9398711Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-939871.1UBC(77-152)ubiquitin (UBC 2)Reactome DB_ID: 93986977EQUAL152EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70939869Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939869ReactomeR-HSA-9398691Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-939869.1UBC(153-228)ubiquitin (UBC 3)Reactome DB_ID: 939853153EQUAL228EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70939853Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939853ReactomeR-HSA-9398531Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-939853.1UBC(229-304)ubiquitin (UBC 4)Reactome DB_ID: 939857229EQUAL304EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70939857Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939857ReactomeR-HSA-9398571Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-939857.1UBC(305-380)ubiquitin (UBC 5)Reactome DB_ID: 939863305EQUAL380EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70939863Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939863ReactomeR-HSA-9398631Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-939863.1UBC(381-456)ubiquitin (UBC 6)Reactome DB_ID: 939856381EQUAL456EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70939856Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939856ReactomeR-HSA-9398561Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-939856.1UBC(457-532)ubiquitin (UBC 7)Reactome DB_ID: 939862457EQUAL532EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70939862Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939862ReactomeR-HSA-9398621Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-939862.1UBC(533-608)ubiquitin (UBC 8)Reactome DB_ID: 939866533EQUAL608EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70939866Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939866ReactomeR-HSA-9398661Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-939866.1UBC(609-684)ubiquitin (UBC 9)Reactome DB_ID: 939868609EQUAL684EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70939868Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=939868ReactomeR-HSA-9398681Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-939868.1Reactome Database ID Release 7068524Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68524ReactomeR-HSA-685243Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68524.31Reactome Database ID Release 705651984Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=5651984ReactomeR-HSA-56519841Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-5651984.112Reactome Database ID Release 705651993Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=5651993ReactomeR-HSA-56519931Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-5651993.11Reactome Database ID Release 706790533Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6790533ReactomeR-HSA-67905331Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6790533.1Reactome Database ID Release 706790534Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6790534ReactomeR-HSA-67905341Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6790534.11Reactome Database ID Release 706790530Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6790530ReactomeR-HSA-67905301Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6790530.11p300EP300Histone acetyltransferase p300EP300_HUMANKAT3BReactome DB_ID: 381325UniProt:Q09472 EP300EP300P300FUNCTION Functions as histone acetyltransferase and regulates transcription via chromatin remodeling (PubMed:23415232, PubMed:23934153, PubMed:8945521). Acetylates all four core histones in nucleosomes. Histone acetylation gives an epigenetic tag for transcriptional activation (PubMed:23415232, PubMed:23934153, PubMed:8945521). Mediates cAMP-gene regulation by binding specifically to phosphorylated CREB protein. Mediates acetylation of histone H3 at 'Lys-122' (H3K122ac), a modification that localizes at the surface of the histone octamer and stimulates transcription, possibly by promoting nucleosome instability. Mediates acetylation of histone H3 at 'Lys-27' (H3K27ac) (PubMed:23911289). Also functions as acetyltransferase for non-histone targets, such as ALX1, HDAC1, PRMT1 or SIRT2 (PubMed:12929931, PubMed:16762839, PubMed:18722353). Acetylates 'Lys-131' of ALX1 and acts as its coactivator (PubMed:12929931). Acetylates SIRT2 and is proposed to indirectly increase the transcriptional activity of TP53 through acetylation and subsequent attenuation of SIRT2 deacetylase function (PubMed:18722353). Acetylates HDAC1 leading to its inactivation and modulation of transcription (PubMed:16762839). Acts as a TFAP2A-mediated transcriptional coactivator in presence of CITED2 (PubMed:12586840). Plays a role as a coactivator of NEUROD1-dependent transcription of the secretin and p21 genes and controls terminal differentiation of cells in the intestinal epithelium. Promotes cardiac myocyte enlargement. Can also mediate transcriptional repression. Acetylates FOXO1 and enhances its transcriptional activity (PubMed:15890677). Acetylates BCL6 wich disrupts its ability to recruit histone deacetylases and hinders its transcriptional repressor activity (PubMed:12402037). Participates in CLOCK or NPAS2-regulated rhythmic gene transcription; exhibits a circadian association with CLOCK or NPAS2, correlating with increase in PER1/2 mRNA and histone H3 acetylation on the PER1/2 promoter (PubMed:14645221). Acetylates MTA1 at 'Lys-626' which is essential for its transcriptional coactivator activity (PubMed:16617102). Acetylates XBP1 isoform 2; acetylation increases protein stability of XBP1 isoform 2 and enhances its transcriptional activity (PubMed:20955178). Acetylates PCNA; acetylation promotes removal of chromatin-bound PCNA and its degradation during nucleotide excision repair (NER) (PubMed:24939902). Acetylates MEF2D (PubMed:21030595). Acetylates and stabilizes ZBTB7B protein by antagonizing ubiquitin conjugation and degragation, this mechanism may be involved in CD4/CD8 lineage differentiation (PubMed:20810990). In addition to protein acetyltransferase, can use different acyl-CoA substrates, such as (2E)-butenoyl-CoA (crotonyl-CoA), butanoyl-CoA (butyryl-CoA) or propanoyl-CoA (propionyl-CoA), and is able to mediate protein crotonylation, butyrylation or propionylation, respectively (PubMed:25818647, PubMed:17267393). Acts as a histone crotonyltransferase; crotonylation marks active promoters and enhancers and confers resistance to transcriptional repressors (PubMed:25818647). Histone crotonyltransferase activity is dependent on the concentration of (2E)-butenoyl-CoA (crotonyl-CoA) substrate and such activity is weak when (E)-but-2-enoyl-CoA (crotonyl-CoA) concentration is low (PubMed:25818647). Also acts as a histone butyryltransferase; butyrylation marks active promoters (PubMed:17267393). Functions as a transcriptional coactivator for SMAD4 in the TGF-beta signaling pathway (PubMed:25514493). Acetylates PCK1 and promotes PCK1 anaplerotic activity (PubMed:30193097). Acetylates RXRA and RXRG (PubMed:17761950).FUNCTION (Microbial infection) In case of HIV-1 infection, it is recruited by the viral protein Tat. Regulates Tat's transactivating activity and may help inducing chromatin remodeling of proviral genes. Binds to and may be involved in the transforming capacity of the adenovirus E1A protein.SUBUNIT Interacts with phosphorylated CREB1. Interacts with HIF1A; the interaction is stimulated in response to hypoxia and inhibited by CITED2. Interacts (via N-terminus) with TFAP2A (via N-terminus); the interaction requires CITED2. Interacts (via CH1 domain) with CITED2 (via C-terminus). Interacts with CITED1 (unphosphorylated form preferentially and via C-terminus). Interacts with ESR1; the interaction is estrogen-dependent and enhanced by CITED1. Interacts with DTX1, EID1, ELF3, FEN1, LEF1, NCOA1, NCOA6, NR3C1, PCAF, PELP1, PRDM6, SP1, SP3, SPIB, SRY, TCF7L2, TP53, DDX5, DDX17, SATB1, SRCAP, TTC5, JMY and TRERF1. The TAZ-type 1 domain interacts with HIF1A. Probably part of a complex with HIF1A and CREBBP. Part of a complex containing CARM1 and NCOA2/GRIP1. Interacts with ING4 and this interaction may be indirect. Interacts with ING5. Interacts with the C-terminal region of CITED4. Non-sumoylated EP300 preferentially interacts with SENP3. Interacts with SS18L1/CREST. Interacts with ALX1 (via homeobox domain). Interacts with NEUROD1; the interaction is inhibited by NR0B2. Interacts with TCF3. Interacts (via CREB-binding domain) with MYOCD (via C-terminus). Binds to HIPK2. Interacts with ROCK2 and PPARG. Forms a complex made of CDK9, CCNT1/cyclin-T1, EP300 and GATA4 that stimulates hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes. Interacts with IRF1 and this interaction enhances acetylation of p53/TP53 and stimulation of its activity. Interacts with FOXO1; the interaction acetylates FOXO1 and enhances its transcriptional activity. Interacts with ALKBH4 and DDIT3/CHOP. Interacts with KLF15. Interacts with CEBPB and RORA. Interacts with p30II. Interacts with NPAS2, ARNTL/BMAL1 and CLOCK. Interacts with SIRT2 isoform 1, isoform 2 and isoform 5. Interacts with MTA1. Interacts with HDAC4 and HDAC5 in the presence of TFAP2C (PubMed:10722728, PubMed:10823961, PubMed:11073989, PubMed:11073990, PubMed:11349124, PubMed:11430825, PubMed:11481323, PubMed:11518699, PubMed:11559821, PubMed:11564735, PubMed:11581164, PubMed:11581372, PubMed:11701890, PubMed:11744733, PubMed:11864910, PubMed:11959990, PubMed:11997499, PubMed:12446687, PubMed:12527917, PubMed:12586840, PubMed:12750254, PubMed:12778114, PubMed:12837748, PubMed:12929931, PubMed:14605447, PubMed:14645221, PubMed:14716005, PubMed:14752053, PubMed:15075319, PubMed:15186775, PubMed:15297880, PubMed:15509808, PubMed:15731352, PubMed:15890677, PubMed:16478997, PubMed:16574662, PubMed:16617102, PubMed:16864582, PubMed:17226766, PubMed:17872950, PubMed:18273021, PubMed:19217391, PubMed:19680224, PubMed:20081228, PubMed:23145062, PubMed:23999430, PubMed:24177535, PubMed:24413532, PubMed:8684459, PubMed:8917528, PubMed:9528808, PubMed:9590696, PubMed:9862959, PubMed:9887100). Interacts with TRIP4 (PubMed:25219498). Directly interacts with ZBTB49; this interaction leads to synergistic transactivation of CDKN1A (PubMed:25245946). Interacts with NR4A3 (By similarity). Interacts with ZNF451 (PubMed:24324267). Interacts with ATF5; EP300 is required for ATF5 and CEBPB interaction and DNA binding (By similarity). Interacts with HSF1 (PubMed:27189267). Interacts with ZBTB48/TZAP (PubMed:24382891). Interacts with STAT1; the interaction is enhanced upon IFN-gamma stimulation (PubMed:26479788). Interacts with HNRNPU (via C-terminus); this interaction enhances DNA-binding of HNRNPU to nuclear scaffold/matrix attachment region (S/MAR) elements (PubMed:11909954). Interacts with BCL11B (PubMed:27959755, PubMed:16809611). Interacts with SMAD4; negatively regulated by ZBTB7A (PubMed:25514493). Interacts with DUX4 (via C-terminus) (PubMed:26951377). Interacts with NUPR1; this interaction enhances the effect of EP300 on PAX2 transcription factor activity (PubMed:11940591). Interacts with RXRA; the interaction is decreased by 9-cis retinoic acid (PubMed:17761950). NR4A1 competes with EP300 for interaction with RXRA and thereby attenuates EP300 mediated acetylation of RXRA (PubMed:17761950).SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with human adenovirus 5 E1A protein; this interaction stimulates the acetylation of RB1 by recruiting EP300 and RB1 into a multimeric-protein complex.SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with and acetylates HIV-1 Tat.SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with HTLV-1 proteins Tax, p30II and HBZ.DOMAIN The CRD1 domain (cell cycle regulatory domain 1) mediates transcriptional repression of a subset of p300 responsive genes; it can be de-repressed by CDKN1A/p21WAF1 at least at some promoters. It conatins sumoylation and acetylation sites and the same lysine residues may be targeted for the respective modifications. It is proposed that deacetylation by SIRT1 allows sumoylation leading to suppressed activity.PTM Acetylated on Lys at up to 17 positions by intermolecular autocatalysis. Deacetylated in the transcriptional repression domain (CRD1) by SIRT1, preferentially at Lys-1020. Deacetylated by SIRT2, preferentially at Lys-418, Lys-423, Lys-1542, Lys-1546, Lys-1549, Lys-1699, Lys-1704 and Lys-1707.PTM Citrullinated at Arg-2142 by PADI4, which impairs methylation by CARM1 and promotes interaction with NCOA2/GRIP1.PTM Methylated at Arg-580 and Arg-604 in the KIX domain by CARM1, which blocks association with CREB, inhibits CREB signaling and activates apoptotic response. Also methylated at Arg-2142 by CARM1, which impairs interaction with NCOA2/GRIP1.PTM Sumoylated; sumoylation in the transcriptional repression domain (CRD1) mediates transcriptional repression. Desumoylated by SENP3 through the removal of SUMO2 and SUMO3.PTM Probable target of ubiquitination by FBXO3, leading to rapid proteasome-dependent degradation.PTM Phosphorylated by HIPK2 in a RUNX1-dependent manner. This phosphorylation that activates EP300 happens when RUNX1 is associated with DNA and CBFB. Phosphorylated by ROCK2 and this enhances its activity. Phosphorylation at Ser-89 by AMPK reduces interaction with nuclear receptors, such as PPARG.DISEASE Defects in EP300 may play a role in epithelial cancer.DISEASE Chromosomal aberrations involving EP300 may be a cause of acute myeloid leukemias. Translocation t(8;22)(p11;q13) with KAT6A.UniProtQ094722EQUAL2414EQUALReactome Database ID Release 70381325Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=381325ReactomeR-HSA-3813251Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-381325.11HMGN1Non-histone chromosomal protein HMG-14High mobility group nucleosome-binding domain-containing protein 1HMG14Reactome DB_ID: 6781979UniProt:P05114 HMGN1HMGN1HMG14FUNCTION Binds to the inner side of the nucleosomal DNA thus altering the interaction between the DNA and the histone octamer. May be involved in the process which maintains transcribable genes in a unique chromatin conformation. Inhibits the phosphorylation of nucleosomal histones H3 and H2A by RPS6KA5/MSK1 and RPS6KA3/RSK2 (By similarity).PTM Phosphorylation on Ser-21 and Ser-25 weakens binding to nucleosomes and increases the rate of H3 phosphorylation (By similarity). Phosphorylation favors cytoplasmic localization.RNA EDITING Partially edited. A new initiator methionine may be created by a single uridine insertion in the 5'-UTR, causing an N-terminal extension of 45 amino acids. The existence of the RNA edited version is supported by direct protein sequencing by MS/MS of the following peptides specific to that version: 23-31 and 40-48. The RNA edited version is called ET-HMGN1.SIMILARITY Belongs to the HMGN family.UniProtP051142EQUAL100EQUALReactome Database ID Release 706781979Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6781979ReactomeR-HSA-67819791Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6781979.11XAB2 complexXAB2:AQR:PRPF19:ZNF830:ISY1:PPIEReactome DB_ID: 6781957ISY1Pre-mRNA-splicing factor ISY1 homologKIAA1160Reactome DB_ID: 6781963UniProt:Q9ULR0 ISY1ISY1KIAA1160FUNCTION Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome.SUBUNIT Identified in the spliceosome C complex (PubMed:11991638, PubMed:29301961). Component of the XAB2 complex, a multimeric protein complex composed of XAB2, PRPF19, AQR, ZNF830, ISY1, and PPIE (PubMed:17981804). Identified in a pentameric intron-binding (IB) complex composed of AQR, XAB2, ISY1, ZNF830 and PPIE that is incorporated into the spliceosome as a preassembled complex (PubMed:25599396). The IB complex does not contain PRPF19 (PubMed:25599396).SIMILARITY Belongs to the ISY1 family.UniProtQ9ULR01EQUAL285EQUALReactome Database ID Release 706781963Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6781963ReactomeR-HSA-67819631Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6781963.11AQRIntron-binding protein aquariusIBP160Intron-binding protein of 160 kDaKIAA0560Reactome DB_ID: 6781960UniProt:O60306 AQRAQRKIAA0560FUNCTION Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome (PubMed:11991638, PubMed:25599396, PubMed:28502770, PubMed:28076346). Intron-binding spliceosomal protein required to link pre-mRNA splicing and snoRNP (small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein) biogenesis (PubMed:16949364). Plays a key role in position-dependent assembly of intron-encoded box C/D small snoRNP, splicing being required for snoRNP assembly (PubMed:16949364). May act by helping the folding of the snoRNA sequence. Binds to intron of pre-mRNAs in a sequence-independent manner, contacting the region between snoRNA and the branchpoint of introns (40 nucleotides upstream of the branchpoint) during the late stages of splicing (PubMed:16949364). Has ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity and can unwind double-stranded RNA molecules with a 3' overhang (in vitro) (PubMed:25599396).SUBUNIT Identified in the spliceosome C complex (PubMed:11991638, PubMed:16949364, PubMed:25599396, PubMed:28502770, PubMed:28076346). Component of the XAB2 complex, a multimeric protein complex composed of XAB2, PRPF19, AQR, ZNF830, ISY1, and PPIE (PubMed:17981804). Identified in a pentameric intron-binding (IB) complex composed of AQR, XAB2, ISY1, ZNF830 and PPIE that is incorporated into the spliceosome as a preassembled complex (PubMed:25599396). The IB complex does not contain PRPF19 (PubMed:25599396). Within the spliceosome, interacts with SNRPA1, SF3B1, SF3B3, SF3A1 and SF3A2 (PubMed:25599396).DOMAIN Contains an N-terminal domain with structural similarity to ARM repeat regions; this domain functions as scaffold for protein-protein interactions, but is not required for RNA binding or for ATP-dependent RNA helicase activity.SIMILARITY Belongs to the CWF11 family.UniProtO603061EQUAL1485EQUALReactome Database ID Release 706781960Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6781960ReactomeR-HSA-67819601Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6781960.11PRPF19Pre-mRNA-processing factor 19PRP19_HUMANReactome DB_ID: 5420907UniProt:Q9UMS4 PRPF19PRPF19NMP200PRP19SNEVFUNCTION Ubiquitin-protein ligase which is a core component of several complexes mainly involved pre-mRNA splicing and DNA repair. Required for pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome (PubMed:28502770, PubMed:28076346, PubMed:29360106, PubMed:29301961, PubMed:30705154). Core component of the PRP19C/Prp19 complex/NTC/Nineteen complex which is part of the spliceosome and participates in its assembly, its remodeling and is required for its activity. During assembly of the spliceosome, mediates 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of the U4 spliceosomal protein PRPF3. Ubiquitination of PRPF3 allows its recognition by the U5 component PRPF8 and stabilizes the U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP spliceosomal complex (PubMed:20595234). Recruited to RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain (CTD) and the pre-mRNA, it may also couple the transcriptional and spliceosomal machineries (PubMed:21536736). The XAB2 complex, which contains PRPF19, is also involved in pre-mRNA splicing, transcription and transcription-coupled repair (PubMed:17981804). Beside its role in pre-mRNA splicing PRPF19, as part of the PRP19-CDC5L complex, plays a role in the DNA damage response/DDR. It is recruited to the sites of DNA damage by the RPA complex where PRPF19 directly ubiquitinates RPA1 and RPA2. 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of the RPA complex allows the recruitment of the ATR-ATRIP complex and the activation of ATR, a master regulator of the DNA damage response (PubMed:24332808). May also play a role in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by recruiting the repair factor SETMAR to altered DNA (PubMed:18263876). As part of the PSO4 complex may also be involved in the DNA interstrand cross-links/ICLs repair process (PubMed:16223718). In addition, may also mediate 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates and play a role in proteasomal degradation (PubMed:11435423). May play a role in the biogenesis of lipid droplets (By similarity). May play a role in neural differentiation possibly through its function as part of the spliceosome (By similarity).PATHWAY Protein modification; protein ubiquitination.SUBUNIT Homotetramer. Component of activated, catalytic and post-catalytic spliceosomes (PubMed:28502770, PubMed:28076346, PubMed:29360106, PubMed:29301961, PubMed:30705154). Component of the Prp19 complex/PRP19C/Nineteen complex/NTC and related complexes described as PRP19-CDC5L splicing complex and PSO4 complex. A homotetramer of PRPF19, CDC5L, PLRG1 and BCAS2 constitute the core of those complexes. The interaction with CDC5L, PLRG1 and BCAS2 is direct within this core complex. At least three less stably associated proteins CTNNBL1, CWC15 and HSPA8 are found in the Prp19 complex. The Prp19 complex associates with the spliceosome during its assembly and remodeling recruiting additional proteins. Component of the XAB2 complex, a multimeric protein complex composed of XAB2, PRPF19, AQR, ZNF830, ISY1, and PPIE. Interacts with CWC22 and EIF4A3 in an RNA-independent manner. Interacts with RPA1 and RPA2; the PRP19-CDC5L complex is recruited to the sites of DNA repair where it interacts with the replication protein A complex (RPA). Interacts with SETMAR; required for SETMAR recruitment to site of DNA damage. Interacts with U2AF2; the interaction is direct and recruits the Prp19 complex to RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain (CTD) and the pre-mRNA. Interacts with PRPF3. Interacts with APEX1, DNTT and PSMB4. Interacts with PSMC5 (By similarity). Interacts with KNSTRN (PubMed:24718257). Interacts (via N-terminus) with CDC5L (By similarity). Interacts with KHDC4 (PubMed:19641227).TISSUE SPECIFICITY Ubiquitous. Weakly expressed in senescent cells of different tissue origins. Highly expressed in tumor cell lines.INDUCTION By gamma irradiation and chemical mutagens but not by UV irradiation.DOMAIN The 7 WD repeats are necessary and sufficient to support interaction with the RPA complex.SIMILARITY Belongs to the WD repeat PRP19 family.UniProtQ9UMS42EQUAL504EQUALReactome Database ID Release 705420907Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=5420907ReactomeR-HSA-54209071Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-5420907.11XAB2XPA-binding protein 2HCNP proteinPP3898Reactome DB_ID: 67411UniProt:Q9HCS7 XAB2XAB2HCNPKIAA1177SYF1PP3898FUNCTION Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome (PubMed:11991638, PubMed:28502770, PubMed:28076346). Involved in transcription-coupled repair (TCR), transcription and pre-mRNA splicing (PubMed:10944529, PubMed:17981804).SUBUNIT Associates with RNA polymerase II, the TCR-specific proteins CKN1/CSA and ERCC6/CSB, and XPA (PubMed:10944529). Identified in the spliceosome C complex (PubMed:11991638, PubMed:28502770, PubMed:28076346). Component of the XAB2 complex, a multimeric protein complex composed of XAB2, PRPF19, AQR, ZNF830, ISY1, and PPIE (PubMed:17981804). Identified in a pentameric intron-binding (IB) complex composed of AQR, XAB2, ISY1, ZNF830 and PPIE that is incorporated into the spliceosome as a preassembled complex (PubMed:25599396). The IB complex does not contain PRPF19 (PubMed:25599396).SIMILARITY Belongs to the crooked-neck family.UniProtQ9HCS71EQUAL855EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7067411Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=67411ReactomeR-HSA-674111Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-67411.11PPIEPeptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase ECyclophilin-33CYP33Rotamase EReactome DB_ID: 6781959UniProt:Q9UNP9 PPIEPPIECYP33FUNCTION Involved in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome (PubMed:11991638, PubMed:28076346). Combines RNA-binding and PPIase activities (PubMed:8977107, PubMed:18258190, PubMed:20677832, PubMed:20460131). Binds mRNA and has a preference for single-stranded RNA molecules with poly-A and poly-U stretches, suggesting it binds to the poly(A)-region in the 3'-UTR of mRNA molecules (PubMed:8977107, PubMed:18258190, PubMed:20460131). Catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in proteins (PubMed:8977107, PubMed:18258190, PubMed:20677832, PubMed:20541251). Inhibits KMT2A activity; this requires proline isomerase activity (PubMed:20677832, PubMed:20541251, PubMed:20460131).ACTIVITY REGULATION Enzyme activity is inhibited by cyclosporin A.SUBUNIT Identified in the spliceosome C complex (PubMed:11991638, PubMed:28076346). Component of the XAB2 complex, a multimeric protein complex composed of XAB2, PRPF19, AQR, ZNF830, ISY1, and PPIE (PubMed:17981804). Identified in a pentameric intron-binding (IB) complex composed of AQR, XAB2, ISY1, ZNF830 and PPIE that is incorporated into the spliceosome as a preassembled complex (PubMed:25599396). The IB complex does not contain PRPF19 (PubMed:25599396). Interacts (via RNA-binding domain) with KMT2A (via the third PHD-type zinc-finger) (PubMed:20677832, PubMed:20541251, PubMed:20460131).TISSUE SPECIFICITY Found in all the examined tissues including heart, brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and pancreas.DOMAIN The RRM domain mediates both interaction with RNA and with KMT2A (via the third PHD-type zinc-finger), but has much higher affinity for the KMT2A PHD-type zinc-finger.SIMILARITY Belongs to the cyclophilin-type PPIase family. PPIase E subfamily.UniProtQ9UNP91EQUAL301EQUALReactome Database ID Release 706781959Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6781959ReactomeR-HSA-67819591Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6781959.11ZNF830Zinc finger protein 830CCDC16Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 16Reactome DB_ID: 6781962UniProt:Q96NB3 ZNF830ZNF830CCDC16FUNCTION May play a role in pre-mRNA splicing as component of the spliceosome (PubMed:25599396). Acts as an important regulator of the cell cycle that participates in the maintenance of genome integrity. During cell cycle progression in embryonic fibroblast, prevents replication fork collapse, double-strand break formation and cell cycle checkpoint activation. Controls mitotic cell cycle progression and cell survival in rapidly proliferating intestinal epithelium and embryonic stem cells. During the embryo preimplantation, controls different aspects of M phase. During early oocyte growth, plays a role in oocyte survival by preventing chromosomal breaks formation, activation of TP63 and reduction of transcription (By similarity).SUBUNIT Component of the XAB2 complex, a multimeric protein complex composed of XAB2, PRPF19, AQR, ZNF830, ISY1, and PPIE; this complex binds preferentially to RNA. Interacts with XAB2 (PubMed:17981804). Identified in a pentameric intron-binding (IB) complex composed of AQR, XAB2, ISY1, ZNF830 and PPIE that is incorporated into the spliceosome as a preassembled complex (PubMed:25599396). The IB complex does not contain PRPF19 (PubMed:25599396).PTM Phosphorylated in response to DNA damage by the cell cycle checkpoint kinases ATR/ATM.UniProtQ96NB32EQUAL372EQUALReactome Database ID Release 706781962Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6781962ReactomeR-HSA-67819621Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6781962.11Reactome Database ID Release 706781957Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6781957ReactomeR-HSA-67819571Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6781957.11Ub,p-POLR2Ubiquitinated RNA Polymerase II holoenzyme complex (hyperphosphorylated)Phosphorylated, ubiquitinated RNA Polymerase IIReactome DB_ID: 6781851XAP4POLR2EHsRPABC1DNA-directed RNA polymerase II 23 kDa polypeptide (EC 2.7.7.6) (RPB25) (XAP4) (RPB5)DNA-directed RNA polymerase II 23 kDa polypeptide RPB25RPB5RPABC1Reactome DB_ID: 83713UniProt:P19388 POLR2EPOLR2EFUNCTION DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, POLR2E/RPB5 is part of the lower jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template. Seems to be the major component in this process (By similarity).SUBUNIT Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I), RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13, 12 and 17 subunits, respectively (By similarity). In RNA Pol II, this subunit is present in 2-fold molar excess over the other subunits. Interacts with URI1.SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with HBV protein X.SIMILARITY Belongs to the archaeal RpoH/eukaryotic RPB5 RNA polymerase subunit family.UniProtP193881EQUAL210EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7083713Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=83713ReactomeR-HSA-837131Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-83713.11POLR2KDNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III 7.0 kDa polypeptide ABC10-alphaRPB7.0RPB10alphaRPABC4Reactome DB_ID: 63537UniProt:P53803 POLR2KPOLR2KFUNCTION DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and a small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively.SUBUNIT Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I), RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13, 12 and 17 subunits, respectively.SIMILARITY Belongs to the archaeal RpoP/eukaryotic RPC10 RNA polymerase subunit family.UniProtP538031EQUAL58EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7063537Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=63537ReactomeR-HSA-635371Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-63537.11RPB10POLR2LHsRPABC5DNA-directed RNA polymerase II 7.6 kDa polypeptide (EC 2.7.7.6) (RPB10) (RPB7.6)DNA-directed RNA polymerase II 7.6 kDa polypeptide RPB7.6RPABC5Reactome DB_ID: 83715UniProt:P62875 POLR2LPOLR2LFUNCTION DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and a small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, POLR2L/RBP10 is part of the core element with the central large cleft (By similarity).SUBUNIT Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I), RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13, 12 and 17 subunits, respectively.SIMILARITY Belongs to the archaeal RpoN/eukaryotic RPB10 RNA polymerase subunit family.UniProtP628751EQUAL67EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7083715Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=83715ReactomeR-HSA-837151Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-83715.11RPB8POLR2HDNA-directed RNA polymerases I, II, and III 17.1 kDa polypeptide RPB17RPABC3Reactome DB_ID: 63523UniProt:P52434 POLR2HPOLR2HFUNCTION DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively.SUBUNIT Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I), RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13, 12 and 17 subunits, respectively. Directly interacts with POLR2A.SIMILARITY Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB8 RNA polymerase subunit family.UniProtP524342EQUAL150EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7063523Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=63523ReactomeR-HSA-635231Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-63523.111RPB7POLR2GDNA-directed RNA polymerase II 19 kDa polypeptide Reactome DB_ID: 63517UniProt:P62487 POLR2GPOLR2GRPB7FUNCTION DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB7 is part of a subcomplex with RPB4 that binds to a pocket formed by RPB1, RPB2 and RPB6 at the base of the clamp element. The RBP4-RPB7 subcomplex seems to lock the clamp via RPB7 in the closed conformation thus preventing double-stranded DNA to enter the active site cleft. The RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds single-stranded DNA and RNA (By similarity). Binds RNA.SUBUNIT Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits. RPB4 and RPB7 form a subcomplex that protrudes from the 10-subunit Pol II core complex.SIMILARITY Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB7/RPC8 RNA polymerase subunit family.UniProtP624871EQUAL172EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7063517Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=63517ReactomeR-HSA-635171Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-63517.11RPB3POLR2CDNA-directed RNA polymerase II 33 kDa polypeptide RNA polymerase II subunit 3RPB33RPB31Reactome DB_ID: 63506UniProt:P19387 POLR2CPOLR2CA-152E5.7FUNCTION DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB3 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft (By similarity).SUBUNIT Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits. RPB11/POLR2J and RPB3/POLR2C subunits interact with each other.SIMILARITY Belongs to the archaeal RpoD/eukaryotic RPB3 RNA polymerase subunit family.UniProtP193872EQUAL275EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7063506Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=63506ReactomeR-HSA-635061Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-63506.11RPB6POLR2FHsRPABC2DNA-directed RNA polymerase II 14.4 kDa polypeptide (EC 2.7.7.6) (RPB6) (RPB14.4)DNA-directed RNA polymerase II 14.4 kDa polypeptide RPB14.4RPABC2Reactome DB_ID: 83714UniProt:P61218 POLR2FPOLR2FPOLRFFUNCTION DNA-dependent RNA polymerases catalyze the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Common component of RNA polymerases I, II, and III which synthesize ribosomal RNA precursors, mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs, and small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs, respectively. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Pols are composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. In Pol II, POLR2F/RPB6 is part of the clamp element and together with parts of RPB1 and RPB2 forms a pocket to which the RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds (By similarity).SUBUNIT Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I), RNA polymerase II (Pol II) and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes consisting of at least 13, 12 and 17 subunits, respectively.SIMILARITY Belongs to the archaeal RpoK/eukaryotic RPB6 RNA polymerase subunit family.UniProtP612182EQUAL127EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7083714Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=83714ReactomeR-HSA-837141Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-83714.11Ub,p-S2,S5-POLR2AUbiquitinated RNA Pol II (Ser2 phosphorylated) largest subunitReactome DB_ID: 6781855UniProt:P24928 POLR2APOLR2APOLR2FUNCTION DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Largest and catalytic component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Forms the polymerase active center together with the second largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB1 is part of the core element with the central large cleft, the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft and the jaws that are thought to grab the incoming DNA template. At the start of transcription, a single-stranded DNA template strand of the promoter is positioned within the central active site cleft of Pol II. A bridging helix emanates from RPB1 and crosses the cleft near the catalytic site and is thought to promote translocation of Pol II by acting as a ratchet that moves the RNA-DNA hybrid through the active site by switching from straight to bent conformations at each step of nucleotide addition. During transcription elongation, Pol II moves on the template as the transcript elongates. Elongation is influenced by the phosphorylation status of the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II largest subunit (RPB1), which serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing. Regulation of gene expression levels depends on the balance between methylation and acetylation levels of tha CTD-lysines (By similarity). Initiation or early elongation steps of transcription of growth-factors-induced immediate early genes are regulated by the acetylation status of the CTD (PubMed:24207025). Methylation and dimethylation have a repressive effect on target genes expression (By similarity).FUNCTION (Microbial infection) Acts as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase when associated with small delta antigen of Hepatitis delta virus, acting both as a replicate and transcriptase for the viral RNA circular genome.SUBUNIT Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits. Component of a complex which is at least composed of HTATSF1/Tat-SF1, the P-TEFb complex components CDK9 and CCNT1, RNA polymerase II, SUPT5H, and NCL/nucleolin. The large PER complex involved in the repression of transcriptional termination is composed of at least PER2, CDK9, DDX5, DHX9, NCBP1 and POLR2A (active). Interacts (via the C-terminal domain (CTD)) with U2AF2; recruits PRPF19 and the Prp19 complex to the pre-mRNA and may couple transcription to pre-mRNA splicing. Interacts (via the C-terminal domain (CTD)) with SMN1/SMN2; recruits SMN1/SMN2 to RNA Pol II elongation complexes. Interacts via the phosphorylated C-terminal domain with WDR82 and with SETD1A and SETD1B only in the presence of WDR82. When phosphorylated at 'Ser-5', interacts with MEN1; the unphosphorylated form, or phosphorylated at 'Ser-2' does not interact. When phosphorylated at 'Ser-2', interacts with SUPT6H (via SH2 domain). Interacts with RECQL5 and TCEA1; binding of RECQL5 prevents TCEA1 binding. The phosphorylated C-terminal domain interacts with FNBP3 and SYNCRIP. Interacts with ATF7IP. Interacts with DDX5. Interacts with WWP2. Interacts with SETX. Interacts (phosphorylated) with PIH1D1. Interacts (via the C-terminal domain (CTD)) with TDRD3. Interacts with PRMT5. Interacts with XRN2. Interacts with SAFB/SAFB1. Interacts with CCNL1. Interacts with CCNL2, MYO1C, PAF1 and SFRS19. Interacts (via C-terminus) with CMTR1, CTDSP1 and SCAF8. Interacts (via the C-terminal domain (CTD)) with CCNT2 (PubMed:15563843). Interacts with FUS. Interacts with MCM3AP isoform GANP (PubMed:23652018).SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with herpes simplex virus 1 protein ICP22; this interaction causes loss of CTD 'Ser-2' phosphorylation from pol II engaged in transcription (PubMed:23029222).DOMAIN The C-terminal domain (CTD) serves as a platform for assembly of factors that regulate transcription initiation, elongation, termination and mRNA processing.PTM The tandem heptapeptide repeats in the C-terminal domain (CTD) can be highly phosphorylated. The phosphorylation activates Pol II. Phosphorylation occurs mainly at residues 'Ser-2' and 'Ser-5' of the heptapeptide repeat and is mediated, at least, by CDK7 and CDK9. CDK7 phosphorylation of POLR2A associated with DNA promotes transcription initiation by triggering dissociation from DNA. Phosphorylation also takes place at 'Ser-7' of the heptapeptide repeat, which is required for efficient transcription of snRNA genes and processing of the transcripts. The phosphorylation state is believed to result from the balanced action of site-specific CTD kinases and phosphatases, and a 'CTD code' that specifies the position of Pol II within the transcription cycle has been proposed. Dephosphorylated by the protein phosphatase CTDSP1.PTM Among tandem heptapeptide repeats of the C-terminal domain (CTD) some do not match the Y-S-P-T-S-P-S consensus, the seventh serine residue 'Ser-7' being replaced by a lysine. 'Lys-7' in these non-consensus heptapeptide repeats can be alternatively acetylated, methylated and dimethylated. EP300 is one of the enzyme able to acetylate 'Lys-7'. Acetylation at 'Lys-7' of non-consensus heptapeptide repeats is associated with 'Ser-2' phosphorylation and active transcription. Regulates initiation or early elongation steps of transcription specially for inducible genes.PTM Methylated at Arg-1810 prior to transcription initiation when the CTD is hypophosphorylated, phosphorylation at Ser-1805 and Ser-1808 preventing this methylation. Symmetrically or asymmetrically dimethylated at Arg-1810 by PRMT5 and CARM1 respectively. Symmetric or asymmetric dimethylation modulates interactions with CTD-binding proteins like SMN1/SMN2 and TDRD3. SMN1/SMN2 interacts preferentially with the symmetrically dimethylated form while TDRD3 interacts with the asymmetric form. Through the recruitment of SMN1/SMN2, symmetric dimethylation is required for resolving RNA-DNA hybrids created by RNA polymerase II, that form R-loop in transcription terminal regions, an important step in proper transcription termination. CTD dimethylation may also facilitate the expression of select RNAs. Among tandem heptapeptide repeats of the C-terminal domain (CTD) some do not match the Y-S-P-T-S-P-S consensus, the seventh serine residue 'Ser-7' being replaced by a lysine. 'Lys-7' in these non-consensus heptapeptide repeats can be alternatively acetylated, methylated, dimethylated and trimethylated. Methylation occurs in the earliest transcription stages and precedes or is concomitant to 'Ser-5' and 'Ser-7' phosphorylation. Dimethylation and trimehtylation at 'Lys-7' of non-consensus heptapeptide repeats are exclusively associated with phosphorylated CTD.PTM Ubiquitinated by WWP2 leading to proteasomal degradation (By similarity). Following UV treatment, the elongating form of RNA polymerase II (RNA pol IIo) is ubiquitinated on UV damage sites without leading to degradation: ubiquitination is facilitated by KIAA1530/UVSSA and promotes RNA pol IIo backtracking to allow access to the nucleotide excision repair machinery.MISCELLANEOUS The binding of ribonucleoside triphosphate to the RNA polymerase II transcribing complex probably involves a two-step mechanism. The initial binding seems to occur at the entry (E) site and involves a magnesium ion temporarily coordinated by three conserved aspartate residues of the two largest RNA Pol II subunits. The ribonucleoside triphosphate is transferred by a rotation to the nucleotide addition (A) site for pairing with the template DNA. The catalytic A site involves three conserved aspartate residues of the RNA Pol II largest subunit which permanently coordinate a second magnesium ion.SIMILARITY Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta' chain family.UniProtP249285EQUALO-phospho-L-serineMODMOD:000462EQUAL1EQUAL1970EQUALReactome Database ID Release 706781855Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6781855ReactomeR-HSA-67818551Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6781855.11RPB4POLR2DDNA-directed RNA polymerase II 16 kDa polypeptide Reactome DB_ID: 63508UniProt:O15514 POLR2DPOLR2DFUNCTION DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB4 is part of a subcomplex with RPB7 that binds to a pocket formed by RPB1, RPB2 and RPB6 at the base of the clamp element. The RBP4-RPB7 subcomplex seems to lock the clamp via RPB7 in the closed conformation thus preventing double-stranded DNA to enter the active site cleft. The RPB4-RPB7 subcomplex binds single-stranded DNA and RNA (By similarity).SUBUNIT Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits. RPB4 and RPB7 form a subcomplex that protrudes from the 10-subunit Pol II core complex.SIMILARITY Belongs to the eukaryotic RPB4 RNA polymerase subunit family.UniProtO155141EQUAL142EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7063508Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=63508ReactomeR-HSA-635081Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-63508.11RPB9POLR2IDNA-directed RNA polymerase II 14.5 kDa polypeptide RPB14.5Reactome DB_ID: 63525UniProt:P36954 POLR2IPOLR2IFUNCTION DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB9 is part of the upper jaw surrounding the central large cleft and thought to grab the incoming DNA template (By similarity).SUBUNIT Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits.SIMILARITY Belongs to the archaeal RpoM/eukaryotic RPA12/RPB9/RPC11 RNA polymerase family.UniProtP369541EQUAL125EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7063525Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=63525ReactomeR-HSA-635251Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-63525.11RPB11POLR2JDNA-directed RNA polymerase II 13.3 kDa polypeptide Reactome DB_ID: 63531UniProt:P52435 POLR2JPOLR2JPOLR2J1FUNCTION DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB11 is part of the core element with the central large cleft (By similarity).SUBUNIT Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits. Interacts with AATF.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Ubiquitously expressed. High expression was found in heart and skeletal muscle.SIMILARITY Belongs to the archaeal RpoL/eukaryotic RPB11/RPC19 RNA polymerase subunit family.UniProtP524351EQUAL117EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7063531Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=63531ReactomeR-HSA-635311Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-63531.11RPB2POLR2BDNA-directed RNA polymerase II 140 kDa polypeptide RNA polymerase II subunit 2Reactome DB_ID: 63504UniProt:P30876 POLR2BPOLR2BFUNCTION DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest component of RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA precursors and many functional non-coding RNAs. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol II is the central component of the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. It is composed of mobile elements that move relative to each other. RPB2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft, the clamp element that moves to open and close the cleft and the jaws that are thought to grab the incoming DNA template (By similarity).SUBUNIT Component of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex consisting of 12 subunits. Interacts with WDR82. Interacts with MEN1.MISCELLANEOUS The binding of ribonucleoside triphosphate to the RNA polymerase II transcribing complex probably involves a two-step mechanism. The initial binding seems to occur at the entry (E) site and involves a magnesium ion coordinated by three conserved aspartate residues of the two largest RNA Pol II subunits (By similarity).SIMILARITY Belongs to the RNA polymerase beta chain family.UniProtP308761EQUAL1174EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7063504Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=63504ReactomeR-HSA-635041Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-63504.11Reactome Database ID Release 706781851Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6781851ReactomeR-HSA-67818511Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6781851.11Reactome Database ID Release 706782219Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6782219ReactomeR-HSA-67822191Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6782219.1TC-NER post-incision complex:incised DNA without lesion:trimmed nascent mRNA:PCNA:(PCNA:POLD,POLE),(MonoUb:K164-PCNA:POLK):RPA:RFCReactome DB_ID: 6782222111111111incised DNA without lesion:trimmed nascent mRNAReactome DB_ID: 6782213Reactome Database ID Release 706782213Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6782213ReactomeR-ALL-67822131Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-6782213.111Reactome Database ID Release 706782222Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6782222ReactomeR-HSA-67822221Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6782222.1ACTIVATIONactiveUnit: #Protein1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0004520gene ontology term for cellular functionMIMI:0355Same Catalyst ActivityReactome Database ID Release 706782216Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6782216Reactome Database ID Release 706782224Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6782224ReactomeR-HSA-67822241Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-6782224.119279666Pubmed2009Coordination of dual incision and repair synthesis in human nucleotide excision repairStaresincic, LidijaFagbemi, Adebanke FEnzlin, Jacqueline HGourdin, Audrey MWijgers, NilsDunand-Sauthier, IsabelleGiglia-Mari, GiuseppinaClarkson, Stuart GVermeulen, WimSchärer, Orlando DEMBO J. 28:1111-2021282463Pubmed2011Replication protein A safeguards genome integrity by controlling NER incision eventsOvermeer, René MMoser, JillVolker, MarcelKool, HannekeTomkinson, Alan Evan Zeeland, Albert AMullenders, Leon H FFousteri, MariaJ. Cell Biol. 192:401-15