BioPAX pathway converted from "Orc1 is phosphorylated by cyclin A/CDK2" in the Reactome database.LEFT-TO-RIGHT2.7.11.22Orc1 is phosphorylated by cyclin A/CDK2At the beginning of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'ATP', and 1 molecule of 'pre-replicative complex' are present. At the end of this reaction, 1 molecule of 'phosphorylated Orc1', 1 molecule of 'pre-replicative complex (Orc1-minus)', and 1 molecule of 'ADP' are present.<br><br> This reaction takes place in the 'nucleus' and is mediated by the 'kinase activity' of 'Cyclin A:Cdk2 complex'.<br>ATPAdenosine 5'-triphosphateATP(4-)Reactome DB_ID: 29358nucleoplasmGENE ONTOLOGYGO:0005654ATP(4-) [ChEBI:30616]ATP(4-)ATPatpAdenosine 5'-triphosphateChEBICHEBI:30616Reactome Database ID Release 7529358Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29358ReactomeR-ALL-293583Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-29358.3Reactomehttp://www.reactome.orgCOMPOUNDC00002additional informationMIMI:0361preRCpre-replicative complexReactome DB_ID: 68559CDT1:CDC6:ORC:origin complexReactome DB_ID: 68544CDC6:ORC:origin complexReactome DB_ID: 68543ORC:origin of replicationReactome DB_ID: 68540ORC6Orc6Origin recognition complex subunit 6Reactome DB_ID: 68539UniProt:Q9Y5N6 ORC6ORC6ORC6LFUNCTION Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent. The specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified yet. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication. Does not bind histone H3 and H4 trimethylation marks H3K9me3, H3K27me3 and H4K20me3.SUBUNIT Component of ORC, a complex composed of at least 6 subunits: ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase. Interacts with DBF4 (By similarity).SIMILARITY Belongs to the ORC6 family.Homo sapiensNCBI Taxonomy9606UniProtQ9Y5N61EQUAL252EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568539Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68539ReactomeR-HSA-685392Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68539.21ORC5Orc5Origin recognition complex subunit 5Reactome DB_ID: 68516UniProt:O43913 ORC5ORC5ORC5LFUNCTION Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent. The specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified yet. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.SUBUNIT Component of ORC, a complex composed of at least 6 subunits: ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase.TISSUE SPECIFICITY Abundant in spleen, ovary, prostate, testis, and colon mucosa.PTM Multi-mono-ubiquitinated by OBI1; ubiquitination is important for efficient DNA replication origin site activation. Ubiquitination levels are low in mitotic and early G1-phAse cells and are induced in late G1-/early S-phase, peaking in S-phase and decrease toward the end of the cell cycle.SIMILARITY Belongs to the ORC5 family.UniProtO439131EQUAL435EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568516Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68516ReactomeR-HSA-685162Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68516.21ORC4Orc4Origin recognition complex subunit 4Reactome DB_ID: 68519UniProt:O43929 ORC4ORC4ORC4LFUNCTION Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent. The specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified yet. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication. Binds histone H3 and H4 trimethylation marks H3K9me3, H3K27me3 and H4K20me3.SUBUNIT Component of ORC, a complex composed of at least 6 subunits: ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase (PubMed:12909626, PubMed:17716973). Interacts with DBF4 (By similarity). Interacts with POLQ (PubMed:24989122).SIMILARITY Belongs to the ORC4 family.UniProtO439291EQUAL436EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568519Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68519ReactomeR-HSA-685192Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68519.21ORC3Orc3Origin recognition complex subunit 3Origin recognition complex subunit LatheoReactome DB_ID: 68513UniProt:Q9UBD5 ORC3ORC3LATHEOORC3LFUNCTION Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent. The specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified yet. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication. Binds histone H3 and H4 trimethylation marks H3K9me3, H3K27me3 and H4K20me3.SUBUNIT Component of ORC, a complex composed of at least 6 subunits: ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase.PTM Multi-mono-ubiquitinated by OBI1; ubiquitination is important for efficient DNA replication origin site activation. Ubiquitination levels are low in mitotic and early G1-phAse cells and are induced in late G1-/early S-phase, peaking in S-phase and decrease toward the end of the cell cycle.SIMILARITY Belongs to the ORC3 family.UniProtQ9UBD51EQUAL711EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568513Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68513ReactomeR-HSA-685132Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68513.21ORC1Orc1Origin recognition complex subunit 1Replication control protein 1Reactome DB_ID: 68522UniProt:Q13415 ORC1ORC1ORC1LPARC1FUNCTION Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent. The DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified yet. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication.SUBUNIT Component of ORC, a complex composed of at least 6 subunits: ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase. Interacts with CDC6 and KAT7/HBO1. Interacts with LRWD1 predominantly during the G1 phase and with less affinity during mitosis, when phosphorylated.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expression is cell-cycle regulated, it starts to accumulate in mid-G1 phase, reaches a peak at the G1/S boundary, and decreases to a basal level in S phase (at protein level).DOMAIN The BAH domain mediates binding to dimethylated histone H4 'Lys-20' (H4K20me2), which is enriched at replication origins.PTM Phosphorylated during mitosis.SIMILARITY Belongs to the ORC1 family.UniProtQ134151EQUAL861EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568522Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68522ReactomeR-HSA-685222Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68522.21ARSorigin of replicationoriginautonomously replicating sequenceReactome DB_ID: 68419Reactome Database ID Release 7568419Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68419ReactomeR-ALL-684192Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-68419.2ChEBI611201Orc2 associated with MCM8Reactome DB_ID: 176970MCM8DNA helicase MCM8MCM8_HUMANReactome DB_ID: 3006646UniProt:Q9UJA3 MCM8MCM8C20orf154FUNCTION Component of the MCM8-MCM9 complex, a complex involved in the repair of double-stranded DNA breaks (DBSs) and DNA interstrand cross-links (ICLs) by homologous recombination (HR) (PubMed:23401855). Required for DNA resection by the MRE11-RAD50-NBN/NBS1 (MRN) complex by recruiting the MRN complex to the repair site and by promoting the complex nuclease activity (PubMed:26215093). Probably by regulating the localization of the MNR complex, indirectly regulates the recruitment of downstream effector RAD51 to DNA damage sites including DBSs and ICLs (PubMed:23401855). The MCM8-MCM9 complex is dispensable for DNA replication and S phase progression (PubMed:23401855). However, may play a non-essential for DNA replication: may be involved in the activation of the prereplicative complex (pre-RC) during G(1) phase by recruiting CDC6 to the origin recognition complex (ORC) (PubMed:15684404). Probably by regulating HR, plays a key role during gametogenesis (By similarity). Stabilizes MCM9 protein (PubMed:23401855, PubMed:26215093).SUBUNIT Component of the MCM8-MCM9 complex, which forms a hexamer composed of MCM8 and MCM9 (PubMed:23401855, PubMed:26300262). Interacts with the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) complex composed at least of MSH2, MSH3, MSH6, PMS1 and MLH1 (PubMed:26300262). Interacts with RAD51; the interaction recruits RAD51 to DNA damage sites (PubMed:23401855). Interacts with the MRN complex composed of MRE11, RAD50 and NBN/NBS1 (PubMed:26215093). Interacts with CDC6 and ORC2 (PubMed:15684404). Interacts with HROB; the interaction recruits the MCM8-MCM9 complex to DNA damage sites (PubMed:31467087).TISSUE SPECIFICITY Highest levels in placenta, lung and pancreas. Low levels in skeletal muscle and kidney. Expressed in various tumors with highest levels in colon and lung cancers.INDUCTION By E2F1.SIMILARITY Belongs to the MCM family.CAUTION Was initially thought to play a role in DNA replication (PubMed:15684404). However, it was later shown that it is mainly involved in homologous recombination repair (PubMed:23401855).UniProtQ9UJA31EQUAL840EQUALReactome Database ID Release 753006646Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=3006646ReactomeR-HSA-30066461Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-3006646.11ORC2Orc2Origin recognition complex subunit 2Reactome DB_ID: 68405UniProt:Q13416 ORC2ORC2ORC2LFUNCTION Component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that binds origins of replication. DNA-binding is ATP-dependent. The specific DNA sequences that define origins of replication have not been identified yet. ORC is required to assemble the pre-replication complex necessary to initiate DNA replication. Binds histone H3 and H4 trimethylation marks H3K9me3, H3K20me3 and H4K27me3. Stabilizes LRWD1, by protecting it from ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. Also stabilizes ORC3.SUBUNIT Component of ORC, a complex composed of at least 6 subunits: ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6. ORC is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It is sequentially assembled at the exit from anaphase of mitosis and disassembled as cells enter S phase (PubMed:12909626, PubMed:17716973). Interacts with DBF4 (By similarity). Interacts with MCM10 (PubMed:11095689). Interacts with LRWD1 throughout the cell cycle; this interaction, wich occurs only with non-ubiquitinated form of LRWD1, prevents LRWD1 ubiquitination and hence stabilizes the protein (PubMed:22645314). Interacts with POLQ (PubMed:24989122).SIMILARITY Belongs to the ORC2 family.UniProtQ134161EQUAL577EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568405Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68405ReactomeR-HSA-684052Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68405.21Reactome Database ID Release 75176970Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=176970ReactomeR-HSA-1769701Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-176970.11Reactome Database ID Release 7568540Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68540ReactomeR-HSA-685402Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68540.21CDC6Reactome DB_ID: 68542UniProt:Q99741 CDC6CDC6CDC18LFUNCTION Involved in the initiation of DNA replication. Also participates in checkpoint controls that ensure DNA replication is completed before mitosis is initiated.SUBUNIT Interacts with PCNA, ORC1, cyclin-CDK (PubMed:9566895). Interacts with HUWE1 (PubMed:17567951). Interacts with ANKRD17 (PubMed:23711367). Interacts with GRWD1; origin binding of GRWD1 is dependent on CDC6 (PubMed:25990725). Interacts with CDT1; are mutually dependent on one another for loading MCM complexes onto chromatin (PubMed:14672932). Interacts with TTC4 (PubMed:18320024).SIMILARITY Belongs to the CDC6/cdc18 family.UniProtQ997411EQUAL560EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568542Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68542ReactomeR-HSA-685422Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68542.21Reactome Database ID Release 7568543Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68543ReactomeR-HSA-685431Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68543.11CDT1Reactome DB_ID: 68536UniProt:Q9H211 CDT1CDT1FUNCTION Required for both DNA replication and mitosis (PubMed:11125146, PubMed:22581055, PubMed:21856198, PubMed:14993212, PubMed:26842564). DNA replication licensing factor, required for pre-replication complex assembly. Cooperates with CDC6 and the origin recognition complex (ORC) during G1 phase of the cell cycle to promote the loading of the mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) complex onto DNA to generate pre-replication complexes (pre-RC)(PubMed:14672932). Required also for mitosis by promoting stable kinetochore-microtubule attachments (PubMed:22581055). Potential oncogene (By similarity).SUBUNIT Interacts with GMNN; inhibits binding of the MCM complex to origins of replication (PubMed:11125146, PubMed:14672932, PubMed:14993212, PubMed:15257290). Interacts with CDC6; are mutually dependent on one another for loading MCM complexes onto chromatin (PubMed:14672932). Interacts with PCNA (PubMed:16861906). Interacts with LRWD1 during G1 phase and during mitosis (PubMed:22645314). Interacts with NDC80 subunit of the NDC80 complex; leading to kinetochore localization (PubMed:22581055). Interacts with GRWD1; origin binding of GRWD1 is dependent on CDT1 (PubMed:25990725). Interacts with KAT7 (PubMed:18832067). Interacts with ubiquitin-binding protein FAF1; the interaction is likely to promote CDT1 degradation (PubMed:26842564).DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Present during G1 and early S phase of the cell cycle. Degraded during the late S, G2, and M phases.INDUCTION Induced by E2F transcription factors (PubMed:14990995).DOMAIN The PIP-box K+4 motif mediates both the interaction with PCNA and the recruitment of the DCX(DTL) complex: while the PIP-box interacts with PCNA, the presence of the K+4 submotif, recruits the DCX(DTL) complex, leading to its ubiquitination.PTM Two independent E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, SCF(SKP2) and the DCX(DTL) complex, mediated CDT1 degradation in S phase. Ubiquitinated by the DCX(DTL) complex, in response to DNA damage, leading to its degradation. Ubiquitination by the DCX(DTL) complex is necessary to ensure proper cell cycle regulation and is PCNA-dependent: interacts with PCNA via its PIP-box, while the presence of the containing the 'K+4' motif in the PIP box, recruit the DCX(DTL) complex, leading to its degradation. Phosphorylation at Thr-29 by CDK2 targets CDT1 for ubiquitination by SCF(SKP2) E3 ubiquitin ligase and subsequent degradation (PubMed:14993212). The interaction with GMNN protects it against ubiquitination. Deubiquitinated by USP37 (PubMed:27296872).PTM Phosphorylation by cyclin A-dependent kinases at Thr-29 targets CDT1 for ubiquitynation by SCF(SKP2) E3 ubiquitin ligase and subsequent degradation (PubMed:14993212). Phosphorylated at Thr-29 by MAPK8/JNK1, which blocks replication licensing in response to stress (PubMed:21856198). Binding to GMNN is not affected by phosphorylation.SIMILARITY Belongs to the Cdt1 family.UniProtQ9H2111EQUAL546EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568536Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68536ReactomeR-HSA-685362Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68536.21Reactome Database ID Release 7568544Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68544ReactomeR-HSA-685441Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68544.11MCM2-7Reactome DB_ID: 68558MCM6Mcm6DNA replication licensing factor MCM6P105MCMReactome DB_ID: 68553UniProt:Q14566 MCM6MCM6FUNCTION Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.SUBUNIT Component of the MCM2-7 complex. The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order MCM2-MCM6-MCM4-MCM7-MCM3-MCM5 (Probable). May interact with MCM10. Interacts with TIPIN. Interacts with CDT1. Interacts with MCMBP. Interacts with DDI2 (PubMed:29290612).PTM O-glycosylated (O-GlcNAcylated), in a cell cycle-dependent manner.POLYMORPHISM Intronic variations in MCM6 upstream from the LCT gene are associated with adult-type hypolactasia [MIM:223100] leading to lactose intolerance, or with lactase persistance. Lactose intolerance is a normal physiological phenomenon caused by developmental down-regulation of lactase activity during childhood or early adulthood. A non-coding variation in MCM6 affects the transcriptional regulation of the LCT gene resulting in down-regulation of lactase activity. However, the majority of Northern Europeans and some African populations have the ability to maintain lactase activity and digest lactose throughout life (lactase persistence).MISCELLANEOUS Early fractionation of eukaryotic MCM proteins yielded a variety of dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric complexes with unclear biological significance. Specifically a MCM467 subcomplex is shown to have in vitro helicase activity which is inhibited by the MCM2 subunit. The MCM2-7 hexamer is the proposed physiological active complex.SIMILARITY Belongs to the MCM family.UniProtQ145661EQUAL821EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568553Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68553ReactomeR-HSA-685531Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68553.11MCM4Mcm4DNA replication licensing factor MCM4CDC21 homologP1-CDC21Reactome DB_ID: 68549UniProt:P33991 MCM4MCM4CDC21FUNCTION Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity.SUBUNIT Component of the MCM2-7 complex (PubMed:9305914, PubMed:16899510). The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order MCM2-MCM6-MCM4-MCM7-MCM3-MCM5 (Probable). Interacts with MCMBP (PubMed:17296731).PTM Sumoylated; SUMO2 modified in response to stress caused by inhibition of proteasome activity (in vitro).MISCELLANEOUS Early fractionation of eukaryotic MCM proteins yielded a variety of dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric complexes with unclear biological significance. Specifically a MCM467 subcomplex is shown to have in vitro helicase activity which is inhibited by the MCM2 subunit. The MCM2-7 hexamer is the proposed physiological active complex.SIMILARITY Belongs to the MCM family.UniProtP339912EQUAL863EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568549Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68549ReactomeR-HSA-685491Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68549.11MCM3Mcm3DNA replication licensing factor MCM3DNA polymerase alpha holoenzyme-associated protein P1RLF beta subunitP102 proteinP1-MCM3Reactome DB_ID: 68546UniProt:P25205 MCM3MCM3FUNCTION Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity. Required for DNA replication and cell proliferation.SUBUNIT Component of the MCM2-7 complex. The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order MCM2-MCM6-MCM4-MCM7-MCM3-MCM5 (Probable). Associated with the replication-specific DNA polymerase alpha. Interacts with MCMBP. Interacts with ANKRD17. Interacts with MCM3AP isoform MCM3AP; this interaction leads to MCM3 acetylation (PubMed:9712829, PubMed:11258703, PubMed:12226073).PTM Acetylated by MCM3AP.PTM O-glycosylated (O-GlcNAcylated), in a cell cycle-dependent manner.MISCELLANEOUS Early fractionation of eukaryotic MCM proteins yielded a variety of dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric complexes with unclear biological significance. The MCM2-7 hexamer is the proposed physiological active complex.SIMILARITY Belongs to the MCM family.UniProtP252052EQUAL808EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568546Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68546ReactomeR-HSA-685461Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68546.11MCM7Mcm7DNA replication licensing factor MCM7CDC47 homologP1.1-MCM3Reactome DB_ID: 68555UniProt:P33993 MCM7MCM7CDC47MCM2FUNCTION Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity. Required for S-phase checkpoint activation upon UV-induced damage.SUBUNIT Component of the MCM2-7 complex. The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order MCM2-MCM6-MCM4-MCM7-MCM3-MCM5 (Probable). Interacts with the ATR-ATRIP complex and with RAD17. Interacts with TIPIN. Interacts with MCMBP. Interacts with ANKRD17. Component of the replisome complex composed of at least DONSON, MCM2, MCM7, PCNA and TICRR (PubMed:28191891).PTM O-glycosylated (O-GlcNAcylated), in a cell cycle-dependent manner.MISCELLANEOUS Early fractionation of eukaryotic MCM proteins yielded a variety of dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric complexes with unclear biological significance. Specifically a MCM467 subcomplex is shown to have in vitro helicase activity which is inhibited by the MCM2 subunit. The MCM2-7 hexamer is the proposed physiological active complex.SIMILARITY Belongs to the MCM family.UniProtP339932EQUAL719EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568555Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68555ReactomeR-HSA-685551Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68555.11MCM5Mcm5DNA replication licensing factor MCM5CDC46 homologP1-CDC46Reactome DB_ID: 68551UniProt:P33992 MCM5MCM5CDC46FUNCTION Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity (By similarity). Interacts with MCMBP.SUBUNIT Component of the MCM2-7 complex. The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order MCM2-MCM6-MCM4-MCM7-MCM3-MCM5 (Probable). Interacts with ANKRD17.MISCELLANEOUS Early fractionation of eukaryotic MCM proteins yielded a variety of dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric complexes with unclear biological significance. The MCM2-7 hexamer is the proposed physiological active complex.SIMILARITY Belongs to the MCM family.UniProtP339921EQUAL734EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568551Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68551ReactomeR-HSA-685511Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68551.11MCM2Mcm2DNA replication licensing factor MCM2Nuclear protein BM28Reactome DB_ID: 68557UniProt:P49736 MCM2MCM2BM28CCNL1CDCL1KIAA0030FUNCTION Acts as component of the MCM2-7 complex (MCM complex) which is the putative replicative helicase essential for 'once per cell cycle' DNA replication initiation and elongation in eukaryotic cells. The active ATPase sites in the MCM2-7 ring are formed through the interaction surfaces of two neighboring subunits such that a critical structure of a conserved arginine finger motif is provided in trans relative to the ATP-binding site of the Walker A box of the adjacent subunit. The six ATPase active sites, however, are likely to contribute differentially to the complex helicase activity. Required for the entry in S phase and for cell division. Plays a role in terminally differentiated hair cells development of the cochlea and induces cells apoptosis.SUBUNIT Component of the MCM2-7 complex. The complex forms a toroidal hexameric ring with the proposed subunit order MCM2-MCM6-MCM4-MCM7-MCM3-MCM5 (Probable). Interacts with DBF4 (By similarity). Interacts with KAT7. May interact with MCM10. Component of the replisome complex composed of at least DONSON, MCM2, MCM7, PCNA and TICRR (PubMed:28191891).PTM Phosphorylated on Ser-108 by ATR in proliferating cells. Ser-108 proliferation is increased by genotoxic agents. Ser-40 is mediated by the CDC7-DBF4 and CDC7-DBF4B complexes, while Ser-53 phosphorylation is only mediated by the CDC7-DBF4 complex. Phosphorylation by the CDC7-DBF4 complex during G1/S phase is required for the initiation of DNA replication.MISCELLANEOUS Early fractionation of eukaryotic MCM proteins yielded a variety of dimeric, trimeric and tetrameric complexes with unclear biological significance. Specifically a MCM467 subcomplex is shown to have in vitro helicase activity which is inhibited by the MCM2 subunit. The MCM2-7 hexamer is the proposed physiological active complex.SIMILARITY Belongs to the MCM family.UniProtP497362EQUAL904EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568557Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68557ReactomeR-HSA-685571Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68557.11Reactome Database ID Release 7568558Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68558ReactomeR-HSA-685582Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68558.2ComplexPortalCPX-29401Reactome Database ID Release 7568559Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68559ReactomeR-HSA-685591Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68559.1p-S,T-ORC1phosphorylated Orc1Origin recognition complex subunit 1Replication control protein 1Reactome DB_ID: 68943O-phospho-L-serineMODMOD:00046O-phospho-L-threonineMODMOD:000471EQUAL861EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568943Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68943ReactomeR-HSA-689432Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68943.2pre-replicative complex (Orc1-minus)Reactome DB_ID: 157563111111111Reactome Database ID Release 75157563Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=157563ReactomeR-HSA-1575631Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-157563.1ADPAdenosine 5'-diphosphateADP(3-)Reactome DB_ID: 113582ADP(3-) [ChEBI:456216]ADP(3-)ADP5&apos;-O-[(phosphonatooxy)phosphinato]adenosineADP trianionChEBICHEBI:456216Reactome Database ID Release 75113582Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=113582ReactomeR-ALL-1135823Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-113582.3COMPOUNDC00008ACTIVATIONCCNA:p-T160-CDK2Cyclin A:phospho-Cdk2(Thr160) complexReactome DB_ID: 187952Converted from EntitySet in ReactomeCCNACyclin AReactome DB_ID: 75202CCNA1Cyclin A1Reactome DB_ID: 68891UniProt:P78396 CCNA1CCNA1FUNCTION May be involved in the control of the cell cycle at the G1/S (start) and G2/M (mitosis) transitions. May primarily function in the control of the germline meiotic cell cycle and additionally in the control of mitotic cell cycle in some somatic cells.SUBUNIT Interacts with the CDK2 and the CDC2 protein kinases to form a serine/threonine kinase holoenzyme complex. The cyclin subunit imparts substrate specificity to the complex. Does not bind CDK4 and CDK5 (in vitro). The cyclin A1-CDK2 complex interacts with transcription factor E2F-1 and RB proteins. Found in a complex with CDK2, CABLES1 and CCNE1 (By similarity). Interacts with INCA1 (PubMed:15159402, PubMed:21540187). Interacts with KLHDC9 (PubMed:15159402).TISSUE SPECIFICITY Very high levels in testis and very low levels in brain. Also found in myeloid leukemia cell lines.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Expression increases in early G1 phase and reaches highest levels during the S and G2/M phases.PTM Polyubiquitinated via 'Lys-11'-linked ubiquitin by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C), leading to its degradation by the proteasome. Deubiquitinated and stabilized by USP37 enables entry into S phase.SIMILARITY Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin AB subfamily.UniProtP783961EQUAL465EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568891Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68891ReactomeR-HSA-688912Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68891.2CCNA2Cyclin A2Cyclin AReactome DB_ID: 68905UniProt:P20248 CCNA2CCNA2CCN1CCNAFUNCTION Cyclin which controls both the G1/S and the G2/M transition phases of the cell cycle. Functions through the formation of specific serine/threonine protein kinase holoenzyme complexes with the cyclin-dependent protein kinases CDK1 or CDK2. The cyclin subunit confers the substrate specificity of these complexes and differentially interacts with and activates CDK1 and CDK2 throughout the cell cycle.SUBUNIT Interacts with the CDK1 and CDK2 protein kinases to form serine/threonine kinase holoenzyme complexes (PubMed:1312467, PubMed:7630397, PubMed:8684460, PubMed:8756328). Interacts with CDK1 (hyperphosphorylated form in G1 and underphosphorylated forms in S and G2) (PubMed:1312467). Interacts with CDK2; the interaction increases from G1 to G2 (PubMed:1312467). Interacts (associated with CDK2 but not with CDK1) with SCAPER; regulates the activity of CCNA2/CDK2 by transiently maintaining CCNA2 in the cytoplasm (PubMed:17698606). Forms a ternary complex with CDK2 and CDKN1B; CDKN1B inhibits the kinase activity of CDK2 through conformational rearrangements (PubMed:8684460). Interacts with INCA1 (PubMed:21540187).SUBUNIT (Microbial infection) Interacts with human cytomegalovirus protein UL32.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE Accumulates steadily during G2 and is abruptly destroyed at mitosis. Not detected during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. It accumulates during the DNA synthesis/S phase and disappears as cells progress into mitosis, between prophase and metaphase (at protein level).PTM Polyubiquitinated via 'Lys-11'-linked ubiquitin by the anaphase-promoting complex (APC/C), leading to its degradation by the proteasome. Deubiquitinated and stabilized by USP37 enables entry into S phase.SIMILARITY Belongs to the cyclin family. Cyclin AB subfamily.UniProtP202481EQUAL432EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7568905Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68905ReactomeR-HSA-689052Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68905.2Reactome Database ID Release 7575202Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=75202ReactomeR-HSA-752021Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-75202.11p-T160-CDK2phospho-Cdk2(Thr160)Reactome DB_ID: 187967UniProt:P24941 CDK2CDK2CDKN2FUNCTION Serine/threonine-protein kinase involved in the control of the cell cycle; essential for meiosis, but dispensable for mitosis. Phosphorylates CTNNB1, USP37, p53/TP53, NPM1, CDK7, RB1, BRCA2, MYC, NPAT, EZH2. Triggers duplication of centrosomes and DNA. Acts at the G1-S transition to promote the E2F transcriptional program and the initiation of DNA synthesis, and modulates G2 progression; controls the timing of entry into mitosis/meiosis by controlling the subsequent activation of cyclin B/CDK1 by phosphorylation, and coordinates the activation of cyclin B/CDK1 at the centrosome and in the nucleus. Crucial role in orchestrating a fine balance between cellular proliferation, cell death, and DNA repair in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Activity of CDK2 is maximal during S phase and G2; activated by interaction with cyclin E during the early stages of DNA synthesis to permit G1-S transition, and subsequently activated by cyclin A2 (cyclin A1 in germ cells) during the late stages of DNA replication to drive the transition from S phase to mitosis, the G2 phase. EZH2 phosphorylation promotes H3K27me3 maintenance and epigenetic gene silencing. Phosphorylates CABLES1 (By similarity). Cyclin E/CDK2 prevents oxidative stress-mediated Ras-induced senescence by phosphorylating MYC. Involved in G1-S phase DNA damage checkpoint that prevents cells with damaged DNA from initiating mitosis; regulates homologous recombination-dependent repair by phosphorylating BRCA2, this phosphorylation is low in S phase when recombination is active, but increases as cells progress towards mitosis. In response to DNA damage, double-strand break repair by homologous recombination a reduction of CDK2-mediated BRCA2 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of RB1 disturbs its interaction with E2F1. NPM1 phosphorylation by cyclin E/CDK2 promotes its dissociates from unduplicated centrosomes, thus initiating centrosome duplication. Cyclin E/CDK2-mediated phosphorylation of NPAT at G1-S transition and until prophase stimulates the NPAT-mediated activation of histone gene transcription during S phase. Required for vitamin D-mediated growth inhibition by being itself inactivated. Involved in the nitric oxide- (NO) mediated signaling in a nitrosylation/activation-dependent manner. USP37 is activated by phosphorylation and thus triggers G1-S transition. CTNNB1 phosphorylation regulates insulin internalization. Phosphorylates FOXP3 and negatively regulates its transcriptional activity and protein stability (By similarity). Phosphorylates CDK2AP2 (PubMed:12944431). Phosphorylates ERCC6 which is essential for its chromatin remodeling activity at DNA double-strand breaks (PubMed:29203878).ACTIVITY REGULATION Phosphorylation at Thr-14 or Tyr-15 inactivates the enzyme, while phosphorylation at Thr-160 activates it (PubMed:1396589). Inhibited by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25-(OH)(2)D(3)), AG-024322, N-(4-Piperidinyl)-4-(2,6-dichlorobenzoylamino)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (AT7519), R547 (Ro-4584820), purine, pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives, 2-aminopyrimidines, paullones, thiazo derivatives, macrocyclic quinoxalin-2-one, pyrazolo[1,5-a]-1,3,5-triazine, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine, 2-(1-ethyl-2-hydroxyethylamino)-6-benzylamino-9-isopropylpurine (roscovitine, seliciclib and CYC202), SNS-032 (BMS-387032), triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, staurosporine and olomoucine. Stimulated by MYC. Inactivated by CDKN1A (p21).SUBUNIT Found in a complex with CABLES1, CCNA1 and CCNE1. Interacts with CABLES1 (By similarity). Interacts with UHRF2. Part of a complex consisting of UHRF2, CDK2 and CCNE1. Interacts with the Speedy/Ringo proteins SPDYA and SPDYC (PubMed:15611625). Interaction with SPDYA promotes kinase activation via a conformation change that alleviates obstruction of the substrate-binding cleft by the T-loop (PubMed:28666995). Found in a complex with both SPDYA and CDKN1B/KIP1 (PubMed:12972555, PubMed:28666995). Binds to RB1 and CDK7. Binding to CDKN1A (p21) leads to CDK2/cyclin E inactivation at the G1-S phase DNA damage checkpoint, thereby arresting cells at the G1-S transition during DNA repair. Associated with PTPN6 and beta-catenin/CTNNB1. Interacts with CACUL1. May interact with CEP63. Interacts with ANKRD17. Interacts with CEBPA (when phosphorylated) (PubMed:15107404). Forms a ternary complex with CCNA2 and CDKN1B; CDKN1B inhibits the kinase activity of CDK2 through conformational rearrangements (PubMed:8684460). Interacts with cyclins A, B1, B3, D, or E (PubMed:10499802, PubMed:10884347, PubMed:12185076, PubMed:23781148). Interacts with CDK2AP2 (PubMed:23781148).INDUCTION Induced transiently by TGFB1 at an early phase of TGFB1-mediated apoptosis.PTM Phosphorylated at Thr-160 by CDK7 in a CAK complex (PubMed:28666995). Phosphorylation at Thr-160 promotes kinase activity, whereas phosphorylation at Tyr-15 by WEE1 reduces slightly kinase activity. Phosphorylated on Thr-14 and Tyr-15 during S and G2 phases before being dephosphorylated by CDC25A.PTM Nitrosylated after treatment with nitric oxide (DETA-NO).SIMILARITY Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily.UniProtP24941160EQUAL1EQUAL298EQUALReactome Database ID Release 75187967Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=187967ReactomeR-HSA-1879671Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-187967.11Reactome Database ID Release 75187952Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=187952ReactomeR-HSA-1879521Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-187952.1ComplexPortalCPX-2005GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0004693gene ontology term for cellular functionMIMI:0355Same Catalyst ActivityReactome Database ID Release 756805116Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=6805116Reactome Database ID Release 7568944Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=68944ReactomeR-HSA-689443Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-68944.311931757Pubmed2002Human origin recognition complex large subunit is degraded by ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis after initiation of DNA replication.Mendez, JZou-Yang, XHKim, SYHidaka, MTansey, WPStillman, BMol Cell 9:481-91