BioPAX pathway converted from "2-Phospho-D-glycerate <=> Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O" in the Reactome database.LEFT-TO-RIGHT4.2.1.112-Phospho-D-glycerate <=> Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2OCytosolic enolase catalyzes the reversible reaction of 2 phosphoglycerate to form phosphoenolpyruvate and water, elevating the transfer potential of the phosphoryl group.<p>Enolase is a homodimer and requires Mg++ for activity. Three isozymes have been purified and biochemically characterized. The alpha isoform is expressed in many normal human tissues (Giallongo et al. 1986). The beta isoform is expressed in muscle. Evidence for its function in vivo in humans comes from studies of a patient in whom a point mutation in the gene encoding the enzyme was associated specifically with reduced enolase activity in muscle extracts and with other symptoms consistent with a defect in glycolysis (Comi et al. 2001). The gamma isoform of human enolase is normally expressed in neural tissue and is of possible clinical interest as a marker of some types of neuroendocrine and lung tumors (McAleese et al. 1988). Biochemical studies of the homologous rat proteins indicate that both homo- and heterodimers of enolase form and are enzymatically active (Rider and Taylor 1974).Authored: D'Eustachio, P, 2004-09-21 15:25:22Edited: D'Eustachio, P, 0000-00-00 00:00:002PG2-Phospho-D-glycerate2-phospho-D-glyceric acidD-Glycerate 2-phosphateReactome DB_ID: 30485cytosolGENE ONTOLOGYGO:00058292-phosphonato-D-glycerate(3-) [ChEBI:58289]2-phosphonato-D-glycerate(3-)2-phosphonato-D-glycerate(2R)-2-phosphoglycerate(2R)-3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonatooxy)propanoate2-phosphonato-D-glycerate trianionChEBICHEBI:58289Reactome Database ID Release 7530485Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=30485ReactomeR-ALL-304854Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-30485.4Reactomehttp://www.reactome.orgPEPphosphoenolpyruvatePhosphoenolpyruvic acidReactome DB_ID: 29492phosphonatoenolpyruvate [ChEBI:58702]phosphonatoenolpyruvatephosphoenolpyruvateChEBICHEBI:58702Reactome Database ID Release 7529492Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29492ReactomeR-ALL-294924Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-29492.4H2OwaterReactome DB_ID: 29356water [ChEBI:15377]waterChEBICHEBI:15377Reactome Database ID Release 7529356Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29356ReactomeR-ALL-293565Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-29356.5COMPOUNDC00001additional informationMIMI:0361ACTIVATIONConverted from EntitySet in Reactomeenolase dimerReactome DB_ID: 179497enolase 1 dimer, (alpha)Reactome DB_ID: 71438NNEENO1enolase 1, (alpha)Alpha enolase 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyaseNon- neural enolaseEnolase 1Phosphopyruvate hydrataseReactome DB_ID: 71437UniProt:P06733 ENO1ENO1ENO1L1MBPB1MPB1FUNCTION Glycolytic enzyme the catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PubMed:29775581, PubMed:1369209). In addition to glycolysis, involved in various processes such as growth control, hypoxia tolerance and allergic responses (PubMed:2005901, PubMed:10802057, PubMed:12666133, PubMed:29775581). May also function in the intravascular and pericellular fibrinolytic system due to its ability to serve as a receptor and activator of plasminogen on the cell surface of several cell-types such as leukocytes and neurons (PubMed:12666133). Stimulates immunoglobulin production (PubMed:1369209).FUNCTION MBP1 binds to the myc promoter and acts as a transcriptional repressor. May be a tumor suppressor.PATHWAY Carbohydrate degradation; glycolysis; pyruvate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: step 4/5.SUBUNIT Mammalian enolase is composed of 3 isozyme subunits, alpha, beta and gamma, which can form homodimers or heterodimers which are cell-type and development-specific (PubMed:18560153). ENO1 interacts with PLG in the neuronal plasma membrane and promotes its activation. The C-terminal lysine is required for this binding (PubMed:9308760). Isoform MBP-1 interacts with TRAPPC2B (PubMed:11134351). Interacts with ENO4 and PGAM2 (By similarity). Interacts with CMTM6 (PubMed:28813417).TISSUE SPECIFICITY The alpha/alpha homodimer is expressed in embryo and in most adult tissues. The alpha/beta heterodimer and the beta/beta homodimer are found in striated muscle, and the alpha/gamma heterodimer and the gamma/gamma homodimer in neurons.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE During ontogenesis, there is a transition from the alpha/alpha homodimer to the alpha/beta heterodimer in striated muscle cells, and to the alpha/gamma heterodimer in nerve cells.INDUCTION Induced in diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLCL) after treatment with the natural biological agent, Bryo1. Up-regulated in response to enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection (at protein level).PTM ISGylated.PTM Lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) by p300/EP300 activates the phosphopyruvate hydratase activity.MISCELLANEOUS Used as a diagnostic marker for many tumors and, in the heterodimeric form, alpha/gamma, as a marker for hypoxic brain injury after cardiac arrest. Also marker for endometriosis. Antibodies against alpha-enolase are present in sera from patients with cancer-associated retinopathy syndrome (CAR), a progressive blinding disease which occurs in the presence of systemic tumor growth, primarily small-cell carcinoma of the lung and other malignancies. Is identified as an autoantigen in Hashimoto encephalopathy (HE) a rare autoimmune disease associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT). HT is a disorder in which destructive processes overcome the potential capacity of thyroid replacement leading to hypothyroidism.SIMILARITY Belongs to the enolase family.Homo sapiensNCBI Taxonomy9606UniProtP067332EQUAL434EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7571437Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71437ReactomeR-HSA-714371Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-71437.12Mg2+Magnesiummagnesium(2+)Mg++Reactome DB_ID: 29926magnesium(2+) [ChEBI:18420]magnesium(2+)ChEBICHEBI:18420Reactome Database ID Release 7529926Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=29926ReactomeR-ALL-299265Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-ALL-29926.5COMPOUNDC003051Reactome Database ID Release 7571438Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71438ReactomeR-HSA-714381Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-71438.1enolase 2 dimer, (gamma, neuronal)Reactome DB_ID: 71430NSEENO2enolase 2, (gamma, neuronal)Gamma enolase 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyaseNeural enolaseEnolase 2Reactome DB_ID: 71429UniProt:P09104 ENO2ENO2FUNCTION Has neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties on a broad spectrum of central nervous system (CNS) neurons. Binds, in a calcium-dependent manner, to cultured neocortical neurons and promotes cell survival (By similarity).PATHWAY Carbohydrate degradation; glycolysis; pyruvate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: step 4/5.SUBUNIT Mammalian enolase is composed of 3 isozyme subunits, alpha, beta and gamma, which can form homodimers or heterodimers which are cell-type and development-specific.TISSUE SPECIFICITY The alpha/alpha homodimer is expressed in embryo and in most adult tissues. The alpha/beta heterodimer and the beta/beta homodimer are found in striated muscle, and the alpha/gamma heterodimer and the gamma/gamma homodimer in neurons.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE During ontogenesis, there is a transition from the alpha/alpha homodimer to the alpha/beta heterodimer in striated muscle cells, and to the alpha/gamma heterodimer in nerve cells.INDUCTION Levels of ENO2 increase dramatically in cardiovascular accidents, cerebral trauma, brain tumors and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.SIMILARITY Belongs to the enolase family.UniProtP091041EQUAL434EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7571429Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71429ReactomeR-HSA-714291Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-71429.121Reactome Database ID Release 7571430Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71430ReactomeR-HSA-714301Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-71430.1enolase 3 dimer, (beta, muscle)Reactome DB_ID: 71434MSEENO3enolase 3, (beta, muscle)Beta enolase 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyaseSkeletal muscle enolaseEnolase 3Reactome DB_ID: 71433UniProt:P13929 ENO3ENO3FUNCTION Appears to have a function in striated muscle development and regeneration.PATHWAY Carbohydrate degradation; glycolysis; pyruvate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: step 4/5.SUBUNIT Mammalian enolase is composed of 3 isozyme subunits, alpha, beta and gamma, which can form homodimers or heterodimers which are cell-type and development-specific. Interacts with PNKD.TISSUE SPECIFICITY The alpha/alpha homodimer is expressed in embryo and in most adult tissues. The alpha/beta heterodimer and the beta/beta homodimer are found in striated muscle, and the alpha/gamma heterodimer and the gamma/gamma homodimer in neurons.DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE During ontogenesis, there is a transition from the alpha/alpha homodimer to the alpha/beta heterodimer in striated muscle cells, and to the alpha/gamma heterodimer in nerve cells.SIMILARITY Belongs to the enolase family.UniProtP139292EQUAL434EQUALReactome Database ID Release 7571433Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71433ReactomeR-HSA-714331Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-71433.121Reactome Database ID Release 7571434Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71434ReactomeR-HSA-714341Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-71434.1Reactome Database ID Release 75179497Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=179497ReactomeR-HSA-1794971Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-179497.1GENE ONTOLOGYGO:0004634gene ontology term for cellular functionMIMI:0355Same Catalyst ActivityReactome Database ID Release 7571439Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71439Reactome Database ID Release 7571660Database identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser?DB=gk_current&ID=71660ReactomeR-HSA-716602Reactome stable identifier. Use this URL to connect to the web page of this instance in Reactome: http://www.reactome.org/cgi-bin/eventbrowser_st_id?ST_ID=R-HSA-71660.23208766Pubmed1988Complete amino acid sequence of the neurone-specific gamma isozyme of enolase (NSE) from human brain and comparison with the non-neuronal alpha form (NNE)McAleese, SMDunbar, BFothergill, JEHinks, LJDay, INEur J Biochem 178:413-73529090Pubmed1986Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of a full-length cDNA for human alpha enolaseGiallongo, AFeo, SMoore, RCroce, CMShowe, LCProc Natl Acad Sci U S A 83:6741-54413246Pubmed1974Enolase isoenzymes in rat tissues. Electrophoretic, chromatographic, immunological and kinetic propertiesRider, CCTaylor, CBBiochim Biophys Acta 365:285-3002462567Pubmed1988Tau-crystallin/alpha-enolase: one gene encodes both an enzyme and a lens structural proteinWistow, GJLietman, TWilliams, LAStapel, SOde Jong, WWHorwitz, JPiatigorsky, JJ Cell Biol 107:2729-3611506403Pubmed2001Beta-enolase deficiency, a new metabolic myopathy of distal glycolysisComi, GPFortunato, FLucchiari, SBordoni, APrelle, AJann, SKeller, ACiscato, PGalbiati, SChiveri, LTorrente, YScarlato, GBresolin, NAnn Neurol 50:202-7