Reactome | Light stimulates opsin receptors

Light stimulates opsin receptors

Stable Identifier

R-HSA-419841

Type

Reaction [binding]

Species

Homo sapiens

Compartment

extracellular region, plasma membrane

ReviewStatus

5/5

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Rhodopsin (encoded by the human gene OPN2) (Nathans J and Hogness DS, 1984) is expressed in rod photoreceptor cells used in night vision. In humans, three opsins are expressed in cone cells used for colour vision. The opsin 1 gene OPN1MW encodes a protein called green cone photopigment or medium-wave-sensitive opsin (Nathans J et al, 1986). Defects in OPN1MW are the cause of partial colorblindness called deuteranopia (Winderickx J et al, 1992).
The opsin 1 gene OPN1LW encodes a protein called red cone photopigment or long-wavelength sensitive opsin (Nathans J et al, 1986). Defects in this gene are the cause of partial colorblindness (protanopia) (Winderickx J et al, 1992). The opsin 1 gene OPN1SW encodes for blue-sensitive opsins (BOP) (Nathans J et al, 1986). A deficiency in function or numbers (or both) of BOP results in a selective deficiency of blue spectral sensitivity. This is called Tritanopia, an autosomal dominant genetic disorder of human vision (Weitz CJ et al, 1992).
The human gene OPN3 encodes opsin 3 (encephalopsin, panopsin) (Blackshaw S and Snyder SH, 1999). It is strongly expressed in brain and testis with features of a classical photoreceptive opsin. The human gene OPN5 encodes opsin 5, which is expressed in the eye, brain, testes, and spinal cord (Tarttelin EE et al, 2003).
The visual pigment-like receptor peropsin (RRH) is found only in the eye, where it is localized to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (Sun H et al, 1997). In the RPE, it is localized to the microvilli that surround the photoreceptor outer segments. It may play a role in RPE physiology, either by detecting light directly or by monitoring the concentration of retinoids or other photoreceptor-derived compounds.
The putative RPE-retinal G protein coupled receptor (RGR) (Shen D et al, 1994) covalently binds both all-trans- and 11-cis-retinal after reduction by sodium borohydride. The 32-kDa receptor binds all-trans-retinal preferentially, rather than the 11-cis isomer. Defects in RGR are a cause of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (ARRP). RP leads to degeneration of retinal photoreceptor cells (Morimura H et al, 1999).
Transducin (also called Gt) is a heterotrimeric G protein that is naturally expressed in vertebrate retina rods and cones and couple with these opsins to mediate the stimulation of cGMP hydrolysis.

Literature References

PubMed ID	Title	Journal	Year
10581022	Mutations in RGR, encoding a light-sensitive opsin homologue, in patients with retinitis pigmentosa Berson, EL, Morimura, H, Saindelle-Ribeaudeau, F, Dryja, TP	Nat Genet	1999
10234000	Encephalopsin: a novel mammalian extraretinal opsin discretely localized in the brain Snyder, SH, Blackshaw, S	J Neurosci	1999
9275222	Peropsin, a novel visual pigment-like protein located in the apical microvilli of the retinal pigment epithelium Copeland, NG, Jenkins, NA, Nathans, J, Sun, H, Gilbert, DJ	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	1997
1557123	Polymorphism in red photopigment underlies variation in colour matching Lindsey, DT, Motulsky, AG, Deeb, SS, Teller, DY, Winderickx, J, Sanocki, E	Nature	1992
1302020	Defective colour vision associated with a missense mutation in the human green visual pigment gene Lindsey, DT, Motulsky, AG, Deeb, SS, Teller, DY, Winderickx, J, Sanocki, E	Nat Genet	1992
14623103	Neuropsin (Opn5): a novel opsin identified in mammalian neural tissue Tarttelin, EE, Bellingham, J, Hankins, MW, Lucas, RJ, Foster, RG	FEBS Lett	2003
1531728	Human tritanopia associated with two amino acid substitutions in the blue-sensitive opsin Montag, E, Zrenner, E, Nathans, J, Went, LN, Miyake, Y, Weitz, CJ, Shinzato, K	Am J Hum Genet	1992
6589631	Isolation and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding human rhodopsin. Hogness, DS, Nathans, J	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	1984
2937147	Molecular genetics of human color vision: the genes encoding blue, green, and red pigments Hogness, DS, Nathans, J, Thomas, D	Science	1986
7947717	A human opsin-related gene that encodes a retinaldehyde-binding protein Jiang, M, Hao, W, Tao, L, Shen, D, Fong, HK, Salazar, M	Biochemistry	1994