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PPi
Stable Identifier
R-ALL-111294
Type
Chemical Compound [SimpleEntity]
Compartment
cytosol
Synonyms
pyrophosphate, diphosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, diphosphate
Locations in the PathwayBrowser for Species:
Homo sapiens
Arabidopsis thaliana
Bos taurus
Caenorhabditis elegans
Canis familiaris
Danio rerio
Dictyostelium discoideum
Drosophila melanogaster
Gallus gallus
Mus musculus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Oryza sativa
Plasmodium falciparum
Rattus norvegicus
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Sus scrofa
Taeniopygia guttata
Xenopus tropicalis
Expand all
Immune System (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Adaptive Immune System (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Polyubiquitination of substrate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of Ub from E2 to substrate and release of E2 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Biological oxidations (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Ethanol oxidation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
acetate + CoA + ATP => acetyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate [cytosolic] (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Methylation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
MAT2B:MAT2A:K+:2Mg2+ transfers Ado from ATP to L-Met (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Metabolism of ingested SeMet, Sec, MeSec into H2Se (Arabidopsis thaliana)
SeMet is converted to AdoSeMet by MAT (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Glycogen metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Glycogen synthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Fatty acid metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Arabidopsis thaliana)
ACSBG1,2 ligates CoA-SH to VLCFA, forming VLCFA-CoA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
ACSL1,3,5,6 ligate CoA to PALM to form PALM-CoA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
ACSL3,4 ligate CoA to AA to form AA-CoA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Ketone body metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Arabidopsis thaliana)
AACS ligates CoA-SH to ACA, forming ACA-CoA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Addition of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to DMAPP (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Another isopentenyl pyrophosphate is added to geranyl pyrophosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Two FPP molecules dimerize to form presqualene diphosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Synthesis of PC (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PCho and CTP are condensed to CDP-Cho by PCYT1 dimer (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PE (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PETA and CTP are condensed to CDP-ETA by PCY2 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PI (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PA is converted to CDP-DAG by CDS1 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Nucleobase biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) + H2O + L-glutamine <=> 5-phosphoribosylamine + L-glutamate +pyrophosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) <=> orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) + pyrophosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleobase catabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Purine catabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Arabidopsis thaliana)
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Purine salvage (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Adenine + PRPP => AMP + PPi (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
guanine or hypoxanthine + PRPP => GMP or IMP + PPi (HPRT1) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Biotin transport and metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
HLCS biotinylates ACACA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates ACACB (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates MCCC1:MCCC2 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates PC:Mn2+ (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Cyclisation of GTP to precursor Z (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum ion transfer onto molybdopterin (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of sulfur from MOCS3-S-S onto MOCS2A (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
NADSYN1 hexamer amidates NAAD to NAD+ (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Arabidopsis thaliana)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
QPRT transfers PRIB to QUIN to form NAMN (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrophosphate hydrolysis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Post-translational protein modification (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Arabidopsis thaliana)
GlcNAc1P is dephosphorylated to UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusine formation and arylsulfatase activation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Synthesis of diphthamide-EEF2 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
DPH6 ligates ammonium to diphthine-EEF2 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Neddylation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
NEDD8 covalently binds catalytic cysteine of UBA3:NAE1 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
NEDD8-UBA3:NAE1 binds a second NEDD8 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Translation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
tRNA Aminoacylation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
IRE1alpha activates chaperones (Arabidopsis thaliana)
XBP1(S) activates chaperone genes (Arabidopsis thaliana)
ASNA1 transports TA proteins from cytosol to ER membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
PPi [cytosol]
Cell Cycle (Bos taurus)
Cell Cycle, Mitotic (Bos taurus)
Regulation of mitotic cell cycle (Bos taurus)
APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins (Bos taurus)
Conversion from APC/C:Cdc20 to APC/C:Cdh1 in late anaphase (Bos taurus)
Dephosphorylation of phospho-Cdh1 (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Immune System (Bos taurus)
Adaptive Immune System (Bos taurus)
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation (Bos taurus)
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation (Bos taurus)
E1 mediated ubiquitin activation (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Polyubiquitination of substrate (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of Ub from E2 to substrate and release of E2 (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Costimulation by the CD28 family (Bos taurus)
PD-1 signaling (Bos taurus)
Dephosphorylation of CD3-zeta by PD-1 bound phosphatases (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Rap1 signalling (Bos taurus)
Rap1 signal termination by Rap1GAPs (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Bos taurus)
Interferon Signaling (Bos taurus)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Bos taurus)
ISG15 antiviral mechanism (Bos taurus)
Activation of ISG15 by UBA7 E1 ligase (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of E2 conjugating enzymes (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of IRF3 (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of host protein filamin B (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of host proteins (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of protein phosphatase 1 beta (PP2CB) (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Innate Immune System (Bos taurus)
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) (Bos taurus)
CLEC7A (Dectin-1) signaling (Bos taurus)
K63polyUb-TRAF6 ubiquitinates TAK1 (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
TRAF6 oligomer autoubiquitinates (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Fc epsilon receptor (FCERI) signaling (Bos taurus)
FCERI mediated NF-kB activation (Bos taurus)
Auto-ubiquitination of TRAF6 (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism (Bos taurus)
Biological oxidations (Bos taurus)
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Bos taurus)
Ethanol oxidation (Bos taurus)
acetate + CoA + ATP => acetyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate [cytosolic] (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Bos taurus)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Bos taurus)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Bos taurus)
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Bos taurus)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Bos taurus)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Methylation (Bos taurus)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Integration of energy metabolism (Bos taurus)
Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation (Bos taurus)
PKA activation in glucagon signalling (Bos taurus)
Activated Adenylate cyclase catalyses cAMP synthesis (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Regulation of insulin secretion (Bos taurus)
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion (Bos taurus)
Activated Adenylyl cyclase synthesizes cyclic AMP (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Bos taurus)
Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination) (Bos taurus)
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of polyamines (Bos taurus)
Urea cycle (Bos taurus)
ASS1 tetramer:NMRAL1 dimer:NADPH transforms L-Asp and L-Cit to ARSUA (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
Metabolism of ingested SeMet, Sec, MeSec into H2Se (Bos taurus)
SeMet is converted to AdoSeMet by MAT (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Bos taurus)
Glycogen metabolism (Bos taurus)
Glycogen synthesis (Bos taurus)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Bos taurus)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Bos taurus)
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Bos taurus)
Fatty acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Bos taurus)
ACSBG1,2 ligates CoA-SH to VLCFA, forming VLCFA-CoA (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
ACSL1,3,5,6 ligate CoA to PALM to form PALM-CoA (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
ACSL3,4 ligate CoA to AA to form AA-CoA (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Ketone body metabolism (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Bos taurus)
AACS ligates CoA-SH to ACA, forming ACA-CoA (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Bos taurus)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Bos taurus)
Recycling of bile acids and salts (Bos taurus)
Cytosolic cholate and chenodeoxycholate are conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Bos taurus)
3,7,24THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS) (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
3,7,24THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
TetraHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS) (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
TetraHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Bos taurus)
DHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS) (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
DHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS) (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Addition of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to DMAPP (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Another isopentenyl pyrophosphate is added to geranyl pyrophosphate (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Two FPP molecules dimerize to form presqualene diphosphate (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Bos taurus)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of PC (Bos taurus)
PCho and CTP are condensed to CDP-Cho by PCYT1 dimer (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PE (Bos taurus)
PETA and CTP are condensed to CDP-ETA by PCY2 (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PI (Bos taurus)
PA is converted to CDP-DAG by CDS1 (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Bos taurus)
Nucleobase biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) + H2O + L-glutamine <=> 5-phosphoribosylamine + L-glutamate +pyrophosphate (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
LHPP:Mg2+ dimer hydrolyses PPi (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) <=> orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) + pyrophosphate (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleobase catabolism (Bos taurus)
Purine catabolism (Bos taurus)
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Bos taurus)
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-OH-ATP to 2-OH-AMP (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-OH-dATP to 2-OH-dAMP (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Bos taurus)
Purine salvage (Bos taurus)
Adenine + PRPP => AMP + PPi (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
guanine or hypoxanthine + PRPP => GMP or IMP + PPi (HPRT1) (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Bos taurus)
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Bos taurus)
Biotin transport and metabolism (Bos taurus)
HLCS biotinylates ACACA (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates ACACB (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates MCCC1:MCCC2 (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates PC:Mn2+ (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates PCCA:PCCB (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Cyclisation of GTP to precursor Z (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum ion transfer onto molybdopterin (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of sulfur from MOCS3-S-S onto MOCS2A (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Bos taurus)
NADSYN1 hexamer amidates NAAD to NAD+ (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Bos taurus)
NAMPT transfers PRIB to NAM to form NAMN (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
QPRT transfers PRIB to QUIN to form NAMN (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Bos taurus)
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Bos taurus)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrophosphate hydrolysis (Bos taurus)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Bos taurus)
Post-translational protein modification (Bos taurus)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Bos taurus)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Bos taurus)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
FPGT transfers guanylyl group from GTP to Fuc1P to form GDP-Fuc (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Bos taurus)
GlcNAc1P is dephosphorylated to UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusine formation and arylsulfatase activation (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of diphthamide-EEF2 (Bos taurus)
DPH6 ligates ammonium to diphthine-EEF2 (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Neddylation (Bos taurus)
NEDD8 covalently binds catalytic cysteine of UBA3:NAE1 (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
NEDD8-UBA3:NAE1 binds a second NEDD8 (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Protein ubiquitination (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of active ubiquitin: roles of E1 and E2 enzymes (Bos taurus)
UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Ub-Cys632-UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Translation (Bos taurus)
tRNA Aminoacylation (Bos taurus)
Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation (Bos taurus)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) (Bos taurus)
IRE1alpha activates chaperones (Bos taurus)
XBP1(S) activates chaperone genes (Bos taurus)
ASNA1 transports TA proteins from cytosol to ER membrane (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Bos taurus)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Bos taurus)
Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission (Bos taurus)
Activation of NMDA receptor and postsynaptic events (Bos taurus)
Post NMDA receptor activation events (Bos taurus)
CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase (Bos taurus)
Activation of Adenylate Cyclase (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Bos taurus)
Intracellular signaling by second messengers (Bos taurus)
DAG and IP3 signaling (Bos taurus)
CaM pathway (Bos taurus)
Calmodulin induced events (Bos taurus)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB (Bos taurus)
PKA activation (Bos taurus)
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Signaling by GPCR (Bos taurus)
Opioid Signalling (Bos taurus)
G-protein mediated events (Bos taurus)
Adenylate cyclase activating pathway (Bos taurus)
Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
PLC beta mediated events (Bos taurus)
Ca-dependent events (Bos taurus)
CaM pathway (Bos taurus)
Calmodulin induced events (Bos taurus)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB (Bos taurus)
PKA activation (Bos taurus)
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Visual phototransduction (Bos taurus)
The phototransduction cascade (Bos taurus)
Inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade (Bos taurus)
GUCYs converts GTP to cGMP (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Signaling by Hedgehog (Bos taurus)
Hedgehog 'off' state (Bos taurus)
GPR161 promotes cAMP production in a G alpha(s)-dependent manner (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Bos taurus)
Aquaporin-mediated transport (Bos taurus)
Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins (Bos taurus)
Activated Adenylate cyclase catalyses cAMP synthesis (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Bos taurus)
ANKH transports PPi from cytosol to extracellular region (Bos taurus)
PPi [cytosol]
Cell Cycle (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cell Cycle, Mitotic (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Regulation of mitotic cell cycle (Caenorhabditis elegans)
APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Conversion from APC/C:Cdc20 to APC/C:Cdh1 in late anaphase (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Dephosphorylation of phospho-Cdh1 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Immune System (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Adaptive Immune System (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Polyubiquitination of substrate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of Ub from E2 to substrate and release of E2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Rap1 signalling (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Rap1 signal termination by Rap1GAPs (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Interferon Signaling (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ISG15 antiviral mechanism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Activation of ISG15 by UBA7 E1 ligase (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of E2 conjugating enzymes (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of host protein filamin B (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of host proteins (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of protein phosphatase 1 beta (PP2CB) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Biological oxidations (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Ethanol oxidation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
acetate + CoA + ATP => acetyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate [cytosolic] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Methylation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Integration of energy metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PKA activation in glucagon signalling (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Activated Adenylate cyclase catalyses cAMP synthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Metabolism of ingested SeMet, Sec, MeSec into H2Se (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SeMet is converted to AdoSeMet by MAT (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Glycogen metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Glycogen synthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Fatty acid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ACSL1,3,5,6 ligate CoA to PALM to form PALM-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
ACSL3,4 ligate CoA to AA to form AA-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Ketone body metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Caenorhabditis elegans)
AACS ligates CoA-SH to ACA, forming ACA-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Addition of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to DMAPP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Another isopentenyl pyrophosphate is added to geranyl pyrophosphate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of PC (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PCho and CTP are condensed to CDP-Cho by PCYT1 dimer (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PE (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PETA and CTP are condensed to CDP-ETA by PCY2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PI (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PA is converted to CDP-DAG by CDS1 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Nucleobase biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) + H2O + L-glutamine <=> 5-phosphoribosylamine + L-glutamate +pyrophosphate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
LHPP:Mg2+ dimer hydrolyses PPi (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) <=> orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) + pyrophosphate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleobase catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Purine catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Purine salvage (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Adenine + PRPP => AMP + PPi (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
guanine or hypoxanthine + PRPP => GMP or IMP + PPi (HPRT1) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Biotin transport and metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
HLCS biotinylates ACACA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates ACACB (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates MCCC1:MCCC2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates PC:Mn2+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates PCCA:PCCB (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cyclisation of GTP to precursor Z (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum ion transfer onto molybdopterin (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of sulfur from MOCS3-S-S onto MOCS2A (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NADSYN1 hexamer amidates NAAD to NAD+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrophosphate hydrolysis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Post-translational protein modification (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
FPGT transfers guanylyl group from GTP to Fuc1P to form GDP-Fuc (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GlcNAc1P is dephosphorylated to UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusine formation and arylsulfatase activation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of diphthamide-EEF2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
DPH6 ligates ammonium to diphthine-EEF2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Neddylation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NEDD8 covalently binds catalytic cysteine of UBA3:NAE1 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
NEDD8-UBA3:NAE1 binds a second NEDD8 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Protein ubiquitination (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of active ubiquitin: roles of E1 and E2 enzymes (Caenorhabditis elegans)
UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Ub-Cys632-UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Translation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
tRNA Aminoacylation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
IRE1alpha activates chaperones (Caenorhabditis elegans)
XBP1(S) activates chaperone genes (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ASNA1 transports TA proteins from cytosol to ER membrane (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Activation of NMDA receptor and postsynaptic events (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Post NMDA receptor activation events (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Activation of Adenylate Cyclase (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Intracellular signaling by second messengers (Caenorhabditis elegans)
DAG and IP3 signaling (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CaM pathway (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Calmodulin induced events (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PKA activation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Signaling by GPCR (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Opioid Signalling (Caenorhabditis elegans)
G-protein mediated events (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Adenylate cyclase activating pathway (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
PLC beta mediated events (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Ca-dependent events (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CaM pathway (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Calmodulin induced events (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PKA activation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Visual phototransduction (Caenorhabditis elegans)
The phototransduction cascade (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GUCYs converts GTP to cGMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Signaling by Hedgehog (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Hedgehog 'off' state (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GPR161 promotes cAMP production in a G alpha(s)-dependent manner (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Aquaporin-mediated transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Activated Adenylate cyclase catalyses cAMP synthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PPi [cytosol]
Cell Cycle (Canis familiaris)
Cell Cycle, Mitotic (Canis familiaris)
Regulation of mitotic cell cycle (Canis familiaris)
APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins (Canis familiaris)
Conversion from APC/C:Cdc20 to APC/C:Cdh1 in late anaphase (Canis familiaris)
Dephosphorylation of phospho-Cdh1 (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Immune System (Canis familiaris)
Adaptive Immune System (Canis familiaris)
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation (Canis familiaris)
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation (Canis familiaris)
E1 mediated ubiquitin activation (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Polyubiquitination of substrate (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of Ub from E2 to substrate and release of E2 (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Rap1 signalling (Canis familiaris)
Rap1 signal termination by Rap1GAPs (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Canis familiaris)
Interferon Signaling (Canis familiaris)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Canis familiaris)
ISG15 antiviral mechanism (Canis familiaris)
Activation of ISG15 by UBA7 E1 ligase (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of E2 conjugating enzymes (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of IRF3 (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of host protein filamin B (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of host proteins (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of protein phosphatase 1 beta (PP2CB) (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Innate Immune System (Canis familiaris)
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) (Canis familiaris)
CLEC7A (Dectin-1) signaling (Canis familiaris)
K63polyUb-TRAF6 ubiquitinates TAK1 (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
TRAF6 oligomer autoubiquitinates (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Fc epsilon receptor (FCERI) signaling (Canis familiaris)
FCERI mediated NF-kB activation (Canis familiaris)
Auto-ubiquitination of TRAF6 (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Biological oxidations (Canis familiaris)
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Canis familiaris)
Ethanol oxidation (Canis familiaris)
acetate + CoA + ATP => acetyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate [cytosolic] (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Canis familiaris)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Canis familiaris)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Canis familiaris)
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Canis familiaris)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Canis familiaris)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Methylation (Canis familiaris)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Integration of energy metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation (Canis familiaris)
PKA activation in glucagon signalling (Canis familiaris)
Activated Adenylate cyclase catalyses cAMP synthesis (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Regulation of insulin secretion (Canis familiaris)
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion (Canis familiaris)
Activated Adenylyl cyclase synthesizes cyclic AMP (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Canis familiaris)
Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination) (Canis familiaris)
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of polyamines (Canis familiaris)
Urea cycle (Canis familiaris)
ASS1 tetramer:NMRAL1 dimer:NADPH transforms L-Asp and L-Cit to ARSUA (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Metabolism of ingested SeMet, Sec, MeSec into H2Se (Canis familiaris)
SeMet is converted to AdoSeMet by MAT (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Canis familiaris)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Canis familiaris)
Glycogen metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Glycogen synthesis (Canis familiaris)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Canis familiaris)
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Canis familiaris)
Fatty acid metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Canis familiaris)
ACSBG1,2 ligates CoA-SH to VLCFA, forming VLCFA-CoA (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
ACSL1,3,5,6 ligate CoA to PALM to form PALM-CoA (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
ACSL3,4 ligate CoA to AA to form AA-CoA (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Ketone body metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Canis familiaris)
AACS ligates CoA-SH to ACA, forming ACA-CoA (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Canis familiaris)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Recycling of bile acids and salts (Canis familiaris)
Cytosolic cholate and chenodeoxycholate are conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Canis familiaris)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Canis familiaris)
3,7,24THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS) (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
3,7,24THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
TetraHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS) (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
TetraHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Canis familiaris)
DHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS) (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
DHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS) (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
Addition of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to DMAPP (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Another isopentenyl pyrophosphate is added to geranyl pyrophosphate (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Two FPP molecules dimerize to form presqualene diphosphate (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
Synthesis of PC (Canis familiaris)
PCho and CTP are condensed to CDP-Cho by PCYT1 dimer (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PE (Canis familiaris)
PETA and CTP are condensed to CDP-ETA by PCY2 (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PI (Canis familiaris)
PA is converted to CDP-DAG by CDS1 (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Canis familiaris)
Nucleobase biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) + H2O + L-glutamine <=> 5-phosphoribosylamine + L-glutamate +pyrophosphate (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
LHPP:Mg2+ dimer hydrolyses PPi (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) <=> orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) + pyrophosphate (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleobase catabolism (Canis familiaris)
Purine catabolism (Canis familiaris)
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Canis familiaris)
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-OH-ATP to 2-OH-AMP (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-OH-dATP to 2-OH-dAMP (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Canis familiaris)
Purine salvage (Canis familiaris)
Adenine + PRPP => AMP + PPi (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
guanine or hypoxanthine + PRPP => GMP or IMP + PPi (HPRT1) (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Canis familiaris)
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Canis familiaris)
Biotin transport and metabolism (Canis familiaris)
HLCS biotinylates ACACA (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates ACACB (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates MCCC1:MCCC2 (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates PC:Mn2+ (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates PCCA:PCCB (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
Cyclisation of GTP to precursor Z (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum ion transfer onto molybdopterin (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of sulfur from MOCS3-S-S onto MOCS2A (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Canis familiaris)
NADSYN1 hexamer amidates NAAD to NAD+ (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Canis familiaris)
NAMPT transfers PRIB to NAM to form NAMN (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
QPRT transfers PRIB to QUIN to form NAMN (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Canis familiaris)
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrophosphate hydrolysis (Canis familiaris)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Canis familiaris)
Post-translational protein modification (Canis familiaris)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Canis familiaris)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Canis familiaris)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Canis familiaris)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Canis familiaris)
FPGT transfers guanylyl group from GTP to Fuc1P to form GDP-Fuc (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Canis familiaris)
GlcNAc1P is dephosphorylated to UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusine formation and arylsulfatase activation (Canis familiaris)
Synthesis of diphthamide-EEF2 (Canis familiaris)
DPH6 ligates ammonium to diphthine-EEF2 (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Neddylation (Canis familiaris)
NEDD8 covalently binds catalytic cysteine of UBA3:NAE1 (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
NEDD8-UBA3:NAE1 binds a second NEDD8 (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Protein ubiquitination (Canis familiaris)
Synthesis of active ubiquitin: roles of E1 and E2 enzymes (Canis familiaris)
UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Ub-Cys632-UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Translation (Canis familiaris)
tRNA Aminoacylation (Canis familiaris)
Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation (Canis familiaris)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) (Canis familiaris)
IRE1alpha activates chaperones (Canis familiaris)
XBP1(S) activates chaperone genes (Canis familiaris)
ASNA1 transports TA proteins from cytosol to ER membrane (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Canis familiaris)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Canis familiaris)
Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission (Canis familiaris)
Activation of NMDA receptor and postsynaptic events (Canis familiaris)
Post NMDA receptor activation events (Canis familiaris)
CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase (Canis familiaris)
Activation of Adenylate Cyclase (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Canis familiaris)
Intracellular signaling by second messengers (Canis familiaris)
DAG and IP3 signaling (Canis familiaris)
CaM pathway (Canis familiaris)
Calmodulin induced events (Canis familiaris)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB (Canis familiaris)
PKA activation (Canis familiaris)
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Signaling by GPCR (Canis familiaris)
Opioid Signalling (Canis familiaris)
G-protein mediated events (Canis familiaris)
Adenylate cyclase activating pathway (Canis familiaris)
Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
PLC beta mediated events (Canis familiaris)
Ca-dependent events (Canis familiaris)
CaM pathway (Canis familiaris)
Calmodulin induced events (Canis familiaris)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB (Canis familiaris)
PKA activation (Canis familiaris)
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Visual phototransduction (Canis familiaris)
The phototransduction cascade (Canis familiaris)
Inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade (Canis familiaris)
GUCYs converts GTP to cGMP (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Signaling by Hedgehog (Canis familiaris)
Hedgehog 'off' state (Canis familiaris)
GPR161 promotes cAMP production in a G alpha(s)-dependent manner (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Canis familiaris)
Aquaporin-mediated transport (Canis familiaris)
Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins (Canis familiaris)
Activated Adenylate cyclase catalyses cAMP synthesis (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Canis familiaris)
ANKH transports PPi from cytosol to extracellular region (Canis familiaris)
PPi [cytosol]
Cell Cycle (Danio rerio)
Cell Cycle, Mitotic (Danio rerio)
Regulation of mitotic cell cycle (Danio rerio)
APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins (Danio rerio)
Conversion from APC/C:Cdc20 to APC/C:Cdh1 in late anaphase (Danio rerio)
Dephosphorylation of phospho-Cdh1 (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Immune System (Danio rerio)
Adaptive Immune System (Danio rerio)
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation (Danio rerio)
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation (Danio rerio)
E1 mediated ubiquitin activation (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Polyubiquitination of substrate (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of Ub from E2 to substrate and release of E2 (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Rap1 signalling (Danio rerio)
Rap1 signal termination by Rap1GAPs (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism (Danio rerio)
Biological oxidations (Danio rerio)
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Danio rerio)
Ethanol oxidation (Danio rerio)
acetate + CoA + ATP => acetyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate [cytosolic] (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Danio rerio)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Danio rerio)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Danio rerio)
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Danio rerio)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Danio rerio)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Methylation (Danio rerio)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Integration of energy metabolism (Danio rerio)
Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation (Danio rerio)
PKA activation in glucagon signalling (Danio rerio)
Activated Adenylate cyclase catalyses cAMP synthesis (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Regulation of insulin secretion (Danio rerio)
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion (Danio rerio)
Activated Adenylyl cyclase synthesizes cyclic AMP (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Danio rerio)
Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination) (Danio rerio)
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Danio rerio)
Metabolism of ingested SeMet, Sec, MeSec into H2Se (Danio rerio)
SeMet is converted to AdoSeMet by MAT (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Danio rerio)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Danio rerio)
Glycogen metabolism (Danio rerio)
Glycogen synthesis (Danio rerio)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Danio rerio)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Danio rerio)
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Danio rerio)
Fatty acid metabolism (Danio rerio)
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Danio rerio)
ACSBG1,2 ligates CoA-SH to VLCFA, forming VLCFA-CoA (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
ACSL1,3,5,6 ligate CoA to PALM to form PALM-CoA (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
ACSL3,4 ligate CoA to AA to form AA-CoA (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Ketone body metabolism (Danio rerio)
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Danio rerio)
AACS ligates CoA-SH to ACA, forming ACA-CoA (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Danio rerio)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Danio rerio)
Recycling of bile acids and salts (Danio rerio)
Cytosolic cholate and chenodeoxycholate are conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Danio rerio)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Danio rerio)
3,7,24THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS) (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
3,7,24THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
TetraHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS) (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
TetraHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Danio rerio)
DHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS) (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
DHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A2 VLCS) (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
Addition of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to DMAPP (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Another isopentenyl pyrophosphate is added to geranyl pyrophosphate (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Two FPP molecules dimerize to form presqualene diphosphate (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Danio rerio)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
Synthesis of PC (Danio rerio)
PCho and CTP are condensed to CDP-Cho by PCYT1 dimer (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PE (Danio rerio)
PETA and CTP are condensed to CDP-ETA by PCY2 (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PI (Danio rerio)
PA is converted to CDP-DAG by CDS1 (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Danio rerio)
Nucleobase biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) + H2O + L-glutamine <=> 5-phosphoribosylamine + L-glutamate +pyrophosphate (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
LHPP:Mg2+ dimer hydrolyses PPi (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) <=> orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) + pyrophosphate (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleobase catabolism (Danio rerio)
Purine catabolism (Danio rerio)
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Danio rerio)
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-OH-ATP to 2-OH-AMP (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-OH-dATP to 2-OH-dAMP (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Danio rerio)
Purine salvage (Danio rerio)
Adenine + PRPP => AMP + PPi (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
guanine or hypoxanthine + PRPP => GMP or IMP + PPi (HPRT1) (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Danio rerio)
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Danio rerio)
Biotin transport and metabolism (Danio rerio)
HLCS biotinylates ACACA (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates ACACB (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates MCCC1:MCCC2 (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates PC:Mn2+ (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates PCCA:PCCB (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
Cyclisation of GTP to precursor Z (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum ion transfer onto molybdopterin (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of sulfur from MOCS3-S-S onto MOCS2A (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Danio rerio)
NADSYN1 hexamer amidates NAAD to NAD+ (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Danio rerio)
NAMPT transfers PRIB to NAM to form NAMN (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Danio rerio)
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Danio rerio)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrophosphate hydrolysis (Danio rerio)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Danio rerio)
Post-translational protein modification (Danio rerio)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Danio rerio)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Danio rerio)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Danio rerio)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Danio rerio)
FPGT transfers guanylyl group from GTP to Fuc1P to form GDP-Fuc (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Danio rerio)
GlcNAc1P is dephosphorylated to UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusine formation and arylsulfatase activation (Danio rerio)
Synthesis of diphthamide-EEF2 (Danio rerio)
DPH6 ligates ammonium to diphthine-EEF2 (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Neddylation (Danio rerio)
NEDD8 covalently binds catalytic cysteine of UBA3:NAE1 (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
NEDD8-UBA3:NAE1 binds a second NEDD8 (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Protein ubiquitination (Danio rerio)
Synthesis of active ubiquitin: roles of E1 and E2 enzymes (Danio rerio)
UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Ub-Cys632-UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Translation (Danio rerio)
tRNA Aminoacylation (Danio rerio)
Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation (Danio rerio)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) (Danio rerio)
IRE1alpha activates chaperones (Danio rerio)
XBP1(S) activates chaperone genes (Danio rerio)
ASNA1 transports TA proteins from cytosol to ER membrane (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Danio rerio)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Danio rerio)
Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission (Danio rerio)
Activation of NMDA receptor and postsynaptic events (Danio rerio)
Post NMDA receptor activation events (Danio rerio)
CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase (Danio rerio)
Activation of Adenylate Cyclase (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Danio rerio)
Intracellular signaling by second messengers (Danio rerio)
DAG and IP3 signaling (Danio rerio)
CaM pathway (Danio rerio)
Calmodulin induced events (Danio rerio)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB (Danio rerio)
PKA activation (Danio rerio)
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Signaling by GPCR (Danio rerio)
Opioid Signalling (Danio rerio)
G-protein mediated events (Danio rerio)
Adenylate cyclase activating pathway (Danio rerio)
Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
PLC beta mediated events (Danio rerio)
Ca-dependent events (Danio rerio)
CaM pathway (Danio rerio)
Calmodulin induced events (Danio rerio)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB (Danio rerio)
PKA activation (Danio rerio)
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Visual phototransduction (Danio rerio)
The phototransduction cascade (Danio rerio)
Inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade (Danio rerio)
FNTA:FNTB transfers FARN to GNGT1 (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
GUCYs converts GTP to cGMP (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Signaling by Hedgehog (Danio rerio)
Hedgehog 'off' state (Danio rerio)
GPR161 promotes cAMP production in a G alpha(s)-dependent manner (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Danio rerio)
Aquaporin-mediated transport (Danio rerio)
Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins (Danio rerio)
Activated Adenylate cyclase catalyses cAMP synthesis (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Danio rerio)
ANKH transports PPi from cytosol to extracellular region (Danio rerio)
PPi [cytosol]
Immune System (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Adaptive Immune System (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
E1 mediated ubiquitin activation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Polyubiquitination of substrate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of Ub from E2 to substrate and release of E2 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Interferon Signaling (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ISG15 antiviral mechanism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Activation of ISG15 by UBA7 E1 ligase (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Biological oxidations (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Glucuronidation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Methylation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
MAT2B:MAT2A:K+:2Mg2+ transfers Ado from ATP to L-Met (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Metabolism of ingested SeMet, Sec, MeSec into H2Se (Dictyostelium discoideum)
SeMet is converted to AdoSeMet by MAT (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Glycogen metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Glycogen synthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Fatty acid metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ACSBG1,2 ligates CoA-SH to VLCFA, forming VLCFA-CoA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
ACSL1,3,5,6 ligate CoA to PALM to form PALM-CoA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Addition of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to DMAPP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Another isopentenyl pyrophosphate is added to geranyl pyrophosphate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Two FPP molecules dimerize to form presqualene diphosphate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Synthesis of PC (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PCho and CTP are condensed to CDP-Cho by PCYT1 dimer (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PE (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PETA and CTP are condensed to CDP-ETA by PCY2 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PI (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PA is converted to CDP-DAG by CDS1 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Nucleobase biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) + H2O + L-glutamine <=> 5-phosphoribosylamine + L-glutamate +pyrophosphate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) <=> orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) + pyrophosphate (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleobase catabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Purine catabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Purine salvage (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Adenine + PRPP => AMP + PPi (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
guanine or hypoxanthine + PRPP => GMP or IMP + PPi (HPRT1) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Biotin transport and metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
HLCS biotinylates ACACA (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates ACACB (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates MCCC1:MCCC2 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates PCCA:PCCB (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Cyclisation of GTP to precursor Z (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum ion transfer onto molybdopterin (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of sulfur from MOCS3-S-S onto MOCS2A (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
NADSYN1 hexamer amidates NAAD to NAD+ (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Dictyostelium discoideum)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
QPRT transfers PRIB to QUIN to form NAMN (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrophosphate hydrolysis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Post-translational protein modification (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Dictyostelium discoideum)
FPGT transfers guanylyl group from GTP to Fuc1P to form GDP-Fuc (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Dictyostelium discoideum)
GlcNAc1P is dephosphorylated to UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusine formation and arylsulfatase activation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Synthesis of diphthamide-EEF2 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
DPH6 ligates ammonium to diphthine-EEF2 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Neddylation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
NEDD8 covalently binds catalytic cysteine of UBA3:NAE1 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
NEDD8-UBA3:NAE1 binds a second NEDD8 (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Protein ubiquitination (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Synthesis of active ubiquitin: roles of E1 and E2 enzymes (Dictyostelium discoideum)
UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Ub-Cys632-UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Translation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
tRNA Aminoacylation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) (Dictyostelium discoideum)
IRE1alpha activates chaperones (Dictyostelium discoideum)
XBP1(S) activates chaperone genes (Dictyostelium discoideum)
ASNA1 transports TA proteins from cytosol to ER membrane (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Activation of NMDA receptor and postsynaptic events (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Post NMDA receptor activation events (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Activation of Adenylate Cyclase (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Intracellular signaling by second messengers (Dictyostelium discoideum)
DAG and IP3 signaling (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CaM pathway (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Calmodulin induced events (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PKA activation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Signaling by GPCR (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Opioid Signalling (Dictyostelium discoideum)
G-protein mediated events (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PLC beta mediated events (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Ca-dependent events (Dictyostelium discoideum)
CaM pathway (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Calmodulin induced events (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PKA activation (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Visual phototransduction (Dictyostelium discoideum)
The phototransduction cascade (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade (Dictyostelium discoideum)
GUCYs converts GTP to cGMP (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Signaling by Hedgehog (Dictyostelium discoideum)
Hedgehog 'off' state (Dictyostelium discoideum)
GPR161 promotes cAMP production in a G alpha(s)-dependent manner (Dictyostelium discoideum)
PPi [cytosol]
Cell Cycle (Drosophila melanogaster)
Cell Cycle, Mitotic (Drosophila melanogaster)
Regulation of mitotic cell cycle (Drosophila melanogaster)
APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins (Drosophila melanogaster)
Conversion from APC/C:Cdc20 to APC/C:Cdh1 in late anaphase (Drosophila melanogaster)
Dephosphorylation of phospho-Cdh1 (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Immune System (Drosophila melanogaster)
Adaptive Immune System (Drosophila melanogaster)
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation (Drosophila melanogaster)
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation (Drosophila melanogaster)
Polyubiquitination of substrate (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of Ub from E2 to substrate and release of E2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Rap1 signalling (Drosophila melanogaster)
Rap1 signal termination by Rap1GAPs (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Drosophila melanogaster)
Interferon Signaling (Drosophila melanogaster)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Drosophila melanogaster)
ISG15 antiviral mechanism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Activation of ISG15 by UBA7 E1 ligase (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of E2 conjugating enzymes (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of host proteins (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
ISGylation of protein phosphatase 1 beta (PP2CB) (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Biological oxidations (Drosophila melanogaster)
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Drosophila melanogaster)
Ethanol oxidation (Drosophila melanogaster)
acetate + CoA + ATP => acetyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate [cytosolic] (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Drosophila melanogaster)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Drosophila melanogaster)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Drosophila melanogaster)
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Drosophila melanogaster)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Drosophila melanogaster)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Methylation (Drosophila melanogaster)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Integration of energy metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation (Drosophila melanogaster)
PKA activation in glucagon signalling (Drosophila melanogaster)
Activated Adenylate cyclase catalyses cAMP synthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Regulation of insulin secretion (Drosophila melanogaster)
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion (Drosophila melanogaster)
Activated Adenylyl cyclase synthesizes cyclic AMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Drosophila melanogaster)
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Metabolism of ingested SeMet, Sec, MeSec into H2Se (Drosophila melanogaster)
SeMet is converted to AdoSeMet by MAT (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Drosophila melanogaster)
Glycogen metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Glycogen synthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Drosophila melanogaster)
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Drosophila melanogaster)
Fatty acid metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Drosophila melanogaster)
ACSBG1,2 ligates CoA-SH to VLCFA, forming VLCFA-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
ACSL1,3,5,6 ligate CoA to PALM to form PALM-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
ACSL3,4 ligate CoA to AA to form AA-CoA (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Drosophila melanogaster)
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Addition of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to DMAPP (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Another isopentenyl pyrophosphate is added to geranyl pyrophosphate (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Synthesis of PC (Drosophila melanogaster)
PCho and CTP are condensed to CDP-Cho by PCYT1 dimer (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PE (Drosophila melanogaster)
PETA and CTP are condensed to CDP-ETA by PCY2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PI (Drosophila melanogaster)
PA is converted to CDP-DAG by CDS1 (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Drosophila melanogaster)
Nucleobase biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) + H2O + L-glutamine <=> 5-phosphoribosylamine + L-glutamate +pyrophosphate (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) <=> orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) + pyrophosphate (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleobase catabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Purine catabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Drosophila melanogaster)
Purine salvage (Drosophila melanogaster)
Adenine + PRPP => AMP + PPi (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Drosophila melanogaster)
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Drosophila melanogaster)
Biotin transport and metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
HLCS biotinylates ACACA (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates ACACB (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates MCCC1:MCCC2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates PC:Mn2+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Cyclisation of GTP to precursor Z (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum ion transfer onto molybdopterin (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of sulfur from MOCS3-S-S onto MOCS2A (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
NADSYN1 hexamer amidates NAAD to NAD+ (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Drosophila melanogaster)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Drosophila melanogaster)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrophosphate hydrolysis (Drosophila melanogaster)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Drosophila melanogaster)
Post-translational protein modification (Drosophila melanogaster)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Drosophila melanogaster)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Drosophila melanogaster)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Drosophila melanogaster)
GlcNAc1P is dephosphorylated to UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusine formation and arylsulfatase activation (Drosophila melanogaster)
Synthesis of diphthamide-EEF2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
DPH6 ligates ammonium to diphthine-EEF2 (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Neddylation (Drosophila melanogaster)
NEDD8 covalently binds catalytic cysteine of UBA3:NAE1 (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
NEDD8-UBA3:NAE1 binds a second NEDD8 (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Protein ubiquitination (Drosophila melanogaster)
Synthesis of active ubiquitin: roles of E1 and E2 enzymes (Drosophila melanogaster)
UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Ub-Cys632-UBA1 adenylates ubiquitin in the cytosol (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Translation (Drosophila melanogaster)
tRNA Aminoacylation (Drosophila melanogaster)
Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation (Drosophila melanogaster)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) (Drosophila melanogaster)
IRE1alpha activates chaperones (Drosophila melanogaster)
XBP1(S) activates chaperone genes (Drosophila melanogaster)
ASNA1 transports TA proteins from cytosol to ER membrane (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Drosophila melanogaster)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Drosophila melanogaster)
Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission (Drosophila melanogaster)
Activation of NMDA receptor and postsynaptic events (Drosophila melanogaster)
Post NMDA receptor activation events (Drosophila melanogaster)
CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase (Drosophila melanogaster)
Activation of Adenylate Cyclase (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Drosophila melanogaster)
Intracellular signaling by second messengers (Drosophila melanogaster)
DAG and IP3 signaling (Drosophila melanogaster)
CaM pathway (Drosophila melanogaster)
Calmodulin induced events (Drosophila melanogaster)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB (Drosophila melanogaster)
PKA activation (Drosophila melanogaster)
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Signaling by GPCR (Drosophila melanogaster)
Opioid Signalling (Drosophila melanogaster)
G-protein mediated events (Drosophila melanogaster)
Adenylate cyclase activating pathway (Drosophila melanogaster)
Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
PLC beta mediated events (Drosophila melanogaster)
Ca-dependent events (Drosophila melanogaster)
CaM pathway (Drosophila melanogaster)
Calmodulin induced events (Drosophila melanogaster)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB (Drosophila melanogaster)
PKA activation (Drosophila melanogaster)
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Visual phototransduction (Drosophila melanogaster)
The phototransduction cascade (Drosophila melanogaster)
Inactivation, recovery and regulation of the phototransduction cascade (Drosophila melanogaster)
GUCYs converts GTP to cGMP (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Signaling by Hedgehog (Drosophila melanogaster)
Hedgehog 'off' state (Drosophila melanogaster)
GPR161 promotes cAMP production in a G alpha(s)-dependent manner (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Drosophila melanogaster)
Aquaporin-mediated transport (Drosophila melanogaster)
Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins (Drosophila melanogaster)
Activated Adenylate cyclase catalyses cAMP synthesis (Drosophila melanogaster)
PPi [cytosol]
Cell Cycle (Gallus gallus)
Cell Cycle, Mitotic (Gallus gallus)
Regulation of mitotic cell cycle (Gallus gallus)
APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins (Gallus gallus)
Conversion from APC/C:Cdc20 to APC/C:Cdh1 in late anaphase (Gallus gallus)
Dephosphorylation of phospho-Cdh1 (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Immune System (Gallus gallus)
Adaptive Immune System (Gallus gallus)
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation (Gallus gallus)
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation (Gallus gallus)
Polyubiquitination of substrate (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of Ub from E2 to substrate and release of E2 (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Rap1 signalling (Gallus gallus)
Rap1 signal termination by Rap1GAPs (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Innate Immune System (Gallus gallus)
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) (Gallus gallus)
CLEC7A (Dectin-1) signaling (Gallus gallus)
K63polyUb-TRAF6 ubiquitinates TAK1 (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
TRAF6 oligomer autoubiquitinates (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Fc epsilon receptor (FCERI) signaling (Gallus gallus)
FCERI mediated NF-kB activation (Gallus gallus)
Auto-ubiquitination of TRAF6 (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Biological oxidations (Gallus gallus)
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Gallus gallus)
Ethanol oxidation (Gallus gallus)
acetate + CoA + ATP => acetyl-CoA + AMP + pyrophosphate [cytosolic] (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Gallus gallus)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Gallus gallus)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Gallus gallus)
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Gallus gallus)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Gallus gallus)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Methylation (Gallus gallus)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
MAT2B:MAT2A:K+:2Mg2+ transfers Ado from ATP to L-Met (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Integration of energy metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Glucagon signaling in metabolic regulation (Gallus gallus)
PKA activation in glucagon signalling (Gallus gallus)
Activated Adenylate cyclase catalyses cAMP synthesis (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Regulation of insulin secretion (Gallus gallus)
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion (Gallus gallus)
Activated Adenylyl cyclase synthesizes cyclic AMP (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Gallus gallus)
Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination) (Gallus gallus)
aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of polyamines (Gallus gallus)
Urea cycle (Gallus gallus)
ASS1 tetramer:NMRAL1 dimer:NADPH transforms L-Asp and L-Cit to ARSUA (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Metabolism of ingested SeMet, Sec, MeSec into H2Se (Gallus gallus)
SeMet is converted to AdoSeMet by MAT (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Gallus gallus)
MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Gallus gallus)
Glycogen metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Glycogen synthesis (Gallus gallus)
UTP + D-glucose 1-phosphate <=> pyrophosphate + UDP-glucose (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Gallus gallus)
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Gallus gallus)
Fatty acid metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Gallus gallus)
ACSBG1,2 ligates CoA-SH to VLCFA, forming VLCFA-CoA (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
ACSL1,3,5,6 ligate CoA to PALM to form PALM-CoA (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
ACSL3,4 ligate CoA to AA to form AA-CoA (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Ketone body metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Gallus gallus)
AACS ligates CoA-SH to ACA, forming ACA-CoA (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Gallus gallus)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Recycling of bile acids and salts (Gallus gallus)
Cytosolic cholate and chenodeoxycholate are conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Gallus gallus)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Gallus gallus)
3,7,24THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
TetraHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Gallus gallus)
DHCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
THCA is conjugated with Coenzyme A (SLC27A5 BACS) (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
Addition of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to DMAPP (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Another isopentenyl pyrophosphate is added to geranyl pyrophosphate (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Two FPP molecules dimerize to form presqualene diphosphate (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
Synthesis of PC (Gallus gallus)
PCho and CTP are condensed to CDP-Cho by PCYT1 dimer (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PE (Gallus gallus)
PETA and CTP are condensed to CDP-ETA by PCY2 (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of PI (Gallus gallus)
PA is converted to CDP-DAG by CDS1 (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Gallus gallus)
Nucleobase biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) + H2O + L-glutamine <=> 5-phosphoribosylamine + L-glutamate +pyrophosphate (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
LHPP:Mg2+ dimer hydrolyses PPi (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
orotate + 5-phospho-alpha-D-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) <=> orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) + pyrophosphate (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleobase catabolism (Gallus gallus)
Purine catabolism (Gallus gallus)
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Gallus gallus)
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-OH-ATP to 2-OH-AMP (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-OH-dATP to 2-OH-dAMP (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Gallus gallus)
Purine salvage (Gallus gallus)
Adenine + PRPP => AMP + PPi (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
guanine or hypoxanthine + PRPP => GMP or IMP + PPi (HPRT1) (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Gallus gallus)
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Gallus gallus)
Biotin transport and metabolism (Gallus gallus)
HLCS biotinylates ACACA (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates ACACB (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates MCCC1:MCCC2 (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates PC:Mn2+ (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
HLCS biotinylates PCCA:PCCB (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
Cyclisation of GTP to precursor Z (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Molybdenum ion transfer onto molybdopterin (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Transfer of sulfur from MOCS3-S-S onto MOCS2A (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Gallus gallus)
NADSYN1 hexamer amidates NAAD to NAD+ (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Gallus gallus)
NAMPT transfers PRIB to NAM to form NAMN (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Gallus gallus)
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Gallus gallus)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Pyrophosphate hydrolysis (Gallus gallus)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Gallus gallus)
Post-translational protein modification (Gallus gallus)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Gallus gallus)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Gallus gallus)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Gallus gallus)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Gallus gallus)
FPGT transfers guanylyl group from GTP to Fuc1P to form GDP-Fuc (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Gallus gallus)
GlcNAc1P is dephosphorylated to UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusine formation and arylsulfatase activation (Gallus gallus)
Synthesis of diphthamide-EEF2 (Gallus gallus)
DPH6 ligates ammonium to diphthine-EEF2 (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Neddylation (Gallus gallus)
NEDD8 covalently binds catalytic cysteine of UBA3:NAE1 (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
NEDD8-UBA3:NAE1 binds a second NEDD8 (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Translation (Gallus gallus)
tRNA Aminoacylation (Gallus gallus)
Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation (Gallus gallus)
pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) (Gallus gallus)
IRE1alpha activates chaperones (Gallus gallus)
XBP1(S) activates chaperone genes (Gallus gallus)
ASNA1 transports TA proteins from cytosol to ER membrane (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Gallus gallus)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Gallus gallus)
Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission (Gallus gallus)
Activation of NMDA receptor and postsynaptic events (Gallus gallus)
Post NMDA receptor activation events (Gallus gallus)
CREB phosphorylation through the activation of Adenylate Cyclase (Gallus gallus)
Activation of Adenylate Cyclase (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Gallus gallus)
Intracellular signaling by second messengers (Gallus gallus)
DAG and IP3 signaling (Gallus gallus)
CaM pathway (Gallus gallus)
Calmodulin induced events (Gallus gallus)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB (Gallus gallus)
PKA activation (Gallus gallus)
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Signaling by GPCR (Gallus gallus)
Opioid Signalling (Gallus gallus)
G-protein mediated events (Gallus gallus)
Adenylate cyclase activating pathway (Gallus gallus)
Adenylate cyclase converts ATP into cyclic AMP (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
PLC beta mediated events (Gallus gallus)
Ca-dependent events (Gallus gallus)
CaM pathway (Gallus gallus)
Calmodulin induced events (Gallus gallus)
PKA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB (Gallus gallus)
PKA activation (Gallus gallus)
Adenylate cyclase produces cAMP (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Signaling by Hedgehog (Gallus gallus)
Hedgehog 'off' state (Gallus gallus)
GPR161 promotes cAMP production in a G alpha(s)-dependent manner (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Gallus gallus)
Aquaporin-mediated transport (Gallus gallus)
Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins (Gallus gallus)
Activated Adenylate cyclase catalyses cAMP synthesis (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Gallus gallus)
ANKH transports PPi from cytosol to extracellular region (Gallus gallus)
PPi [cytosol]
Cell Cycle (Homo sapiens)
Cell Cycle, Mitotic (Homo sapiens)
Regulation of mitotic cell cycle (Homo sapiens)
APC/C-mediated degradation of cell cycle proteins (Homo sapiens)
Conversion from APC/C:Cdc20 to APC/C:Cdh1 in late anaphase (Homo sapiens)
Dephosphorylation of phospho-Cdh1 (Homo sapiens)
PPi [cytosol]
Disease (Homo sapiens)
Infectious disease (Homo sapiens)
