Reactome | H2O [cytosol]

Cell Cycle (Arabidopsis thaliana)

- Cell Cycle, Mitotic (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - M Phase (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Mitotic Prometaphase (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Condensation of Prometaphase Chromosomes (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        Dephosphorylation of CK2-modified condensin I (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]

Cellular responses to external stimuli (Arabidopsis thaliana)

- Cellular responses to stress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Cellular response to heat stress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Regulation of HSF1-mediated heat shock response (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - HSP40s activate intrinsic ATPase activity of HSP70s in the cytosol (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]

Gene expression (Transcription) (Arabidopsis thaliana)

- RNA Polymerase II Transcription (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Generic Transcription Pathway (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        PRDX1 overoxidizes (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]

Hemostasis (Arabidopsis thaliana)

- Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Arachidonate production from DAG (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - 2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]

Immune System (Arabidopsis thaliana)

- Adaptive Immune System (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Antigen Presentation: Folding, assembly and peptide loading of class I MHC (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Transport of Antigen peptide in to ER (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - TCR signaling (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Generation of second messenger molecules (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - PLC-gamma1 hydrolyses PIP2 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
- Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Interferon Signaling (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - OAS antiviral response (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        PDE12 cleaves 2'-5' oligoadenylates (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
- Innate Immune System (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - CLEC7A (Dectin-1) signaling (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - p-Y753,Y759-PLCG2 hydrolyses PIP2 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Fcgamma receptor (FCGR) dependent phagocytosis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Role of phospholipids in phagocytosis (Arabidopsis thaliana)

Metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)

- Abacavir transport and metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Abacavir metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - abacavir monophosphate + H2O => carbovir monophosphate + cyclopropylamine (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
- Biological oxidations (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Aflatoxin activation and detoxification (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - ALD3A1 oxidises 4HPCP to CXPA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
    - CMBL hydrolyses OM to OLMS (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
    - Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Eicosanoids (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        CYP4F2, 4F3 20-hydroxylate LTB4 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        CYP4F22 20-hydroxylates TrXA3 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Endogenous sterols (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Vitamins (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Ethanol oxidation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [cytosolic] (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
  - Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Glucuronidation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        UDP-glucose is oxidised to UDP-glucuronate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Glutathione conjugation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Glutathione synthesis and recycling (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        OPLAH hydrolyses OPRO to L-Glu (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Methylation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Inositol phosphate metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Synthesis of IP3 and IP4 in the cytosol (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Synthesis of pyrophosphates in the cytosol (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - I(1,3,4,5,6)P5 is dephosphorylated to I(3,4,5,6)P4 by ITPK1 in the cytosol (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
- Integration of energy metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Regulation of insulin secretion (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Acetylcholine regulates insulin secretion (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Activated Phospholipase C beta-1 hydrolyzes 1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Free fatty acids regulate insulin secretion (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Fatty Acids bound to GPR40 (FFAR1) regulate insulin secretion (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        Activated Phospholipase C beta-1 hydrolyzes 1-Phosphatidyl-D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Amino acid synthesis and interconversion (transamination) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Serine biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - aspartate + glutamine + ATP <=> asparagine + glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate [ASNS] (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
  - Branched-chain amino acid catabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Carnitine synthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - ALDH9A1 tetramer dehydrogenates TEABL to form TEABT (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Histidine, lysine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, proline and tryptophan catabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Phenylalanine and tyrosine catabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - fumarylacetoacetate => fumarate + acetoacetate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Metabolism of polyamines (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Agmatine biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Agmatine + H2O <=> putrescine + urea (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Methionine salvage pathway (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Acireductone is created (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Selenoamino acid metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Metabolism of ingested SeMet, Sec, MeSec into H2Se (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - SeMet is converted to AdoSeMet by MAT (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - AHCY:NAD+ tetramer hydrolyses AdoHcy (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
    - Cysteine formation from homocysteine (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Cleavage of cystathionine into cysteine (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Cystathionine is formed from homocysteine and serine (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Cysteine is degraded to serine and H2S (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Homocysteine is degraded to oxobutanoate and H2S (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - MAT1A multimers transfer Ado from ATP to L-Met (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
    - Methionine salvage pathway (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Acireductone is created (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
- Metabolism of carbohydrates (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Fructose metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Fructose catabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - ALDH1A1 oxidises GA to DGA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Glucose metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Gluconeogenesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + H2O => D-fructose 6-phosphate + orthophosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O <=> 2-Phospho-D-glycerate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Glycolysis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - 2-Phospho-D-glycerate <=> Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is hydrolyzed to form fructose-6-phosphate and orthophosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Pentose phosphate pathway (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + H2O => 6-phospho-D-gluconate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
- Metabolism of lipids (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Biosynthesis of DHA-derived SPMs (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Biosynthesis of D-series resolvins (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 4S(5)-epoxy-17(S)-HDHA to RvD3 or RvD4 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 7S(8)-epoxy-17(S)-HDHA to RvD1 or RvD2 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Biosynthesis of aspirin-triggered D-series resolvins (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 4S(5)-epoxy-17(R)-HDHA to AT-RvD3 or AT-RvD4 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 7S(8)-epoxy-17(R)-HDHA to AT-RvD1 or AT-RvD2 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Biosynthesis of maresins (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        Biosynthesis of maresin-like SPMs (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        CYPs hydroxylate DHA to 14(R)-HDHA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Biosynthesis of protectins (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 16S,17S-epoxy-DHA to (N)PD1 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 17R(16)-epoxy-DHA to AT-(N)PD1 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Biosynthesis of EPA-derived SPMs (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Biosynthesis of E-series 18(R)-resolvins (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 5S,6S-epoxy-18(R)-HEPE to 18(R)-RvE1 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Biosynthesis of E-series 18(S)-resolvins (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        LTA4H:Zn2+ hydrolyses 5S,6S-epoxy-18(S)-HEPE to 18(S)-RvE1 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Fatty acid metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Arachidonic acid metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        20cho-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cooh-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        20oh-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cho-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        CYP4F2, 4F3 20-hydroxylate LTB4 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        LTA4 is hydolysed to LTB4 by LTA4H (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        EET(1) is hydrolysed to DHET(1) by EPHX2 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - SCD desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - SCD5 desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        ACSL1,3,5,6 ligate CoA to PALM to form PALM-CoA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        ACSL3,4 ligate CoA to AA to form AA-CoA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PTPLs dehydrate VLC3HA-CoA to VLCTDA-CoA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Cytosolic ACOTs hydrolyse MCFA-CoA, LCFA-CoA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Metabolism of steroids (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Recycling of bile acids and salts (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        ABCB11 transports bile salts from cytosol to extracellular region (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        ABCB11 transports bile salts from cytosol to extracellular region (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Cholesterol biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Cholesterol biosynthesis via desmosterol (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        Cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol is desaturated to form cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Cholesterol biosynthesis via lathosterol (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        SC5D desaturates LTHSOL to 7-dehydroCHOL (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - HMGCS1 condenses Ac-CoA and ACA-CoA to form bHMG-CoA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Phospholipid phosphatase 6 hydrolyses Presqualene diphosphate to presqualene monophosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Squalene is oxidized to its epoxide (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Phospholipid metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Acyl chain remodeling of DAG and TAG (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        2-MAG is hydrolyzed to fatty acid and glycerol by MGLL (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        DAG is hydrolyzed to 2-MAG by PNPLA2/3 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        TAG is hydrolyzed to DAG by PNPLA2/3 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Acyl chain remodelling of PC (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        PC is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPC by PLA2[5] (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Acyl chain remodelling of PE (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        ABHD4 hydrolyses NAPE (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PE is hydrolyzed to 1-acyl LPE by PLA2[2] (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Synthesis of PA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        PC is hydrolyzed to PA and choline by PLD1/2 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Synthesis of PC (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        ABHD3 hydrolyses LPC(14:0) to 1AGPC (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PA is dephosphorylated to DAG by LPIN (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PCho is dephosphorylated to Cho by PHOSPHO1 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Synthesis of PE (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        PA is dephosphorylated to DAG by LPIN (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PETA is dephosphorylated to ETA by PHOSPHO1 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - PI Metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Synthesis of PIPs at the ER membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        PI4P is dephosphorylated to PI by SACM1L at the ER membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Synthesis of PIPs at the Golgi membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by FIG4 at the Golgi membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PI(4,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI4P by OCRL/INPP5E at the Golgi membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by SACM1L at the Golgi membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Synthesis of PIPs at the early endosome membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by FIG4 at the early endosome membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI5P by MTM proteins at the early endosome membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by MTM proteins at the early endosome membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Synthesis of PIPs at the late endosome membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by FIG4 at the late endosome membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI5P by MTM proteins at the late endosome membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by MTM proteins at the late endosome membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Synthesis of PIPs at the plasma membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI3P by SYNJ at the plasma membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PI(3,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI5P by SYNJ/MTMs at the plasma membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PI(4,5)P2 is dephosphorylated to PI4P by SYNJ/INPP5[1] at the plasma membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PI3P is dephosphorylated to PI by SYNJ/MTMs at the plasma membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PI4P is dephosphorylated to PI by SYNJ at the plasma membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Sphingolipid metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Glycosphingolipid metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Triglyceride metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Triglyceride biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - 1,2-diacyl-glycerol 3-phosphate + H2O => 1,2-diacyl-glycerol + orthophosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Triglyceride catabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Metabolism of nucleotides (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Nucleobase biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - L-glutamine + 2 ATP + HCO3- + H2O => carbamoyl phosphate + L-glutamate + 2 ADP + orthophosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - N-carbamoyl L-aspartate + H+ <=> (S)-dihydroorotate + H2O (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Nucleobase catabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Purine catabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Pyrimidine catabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Nucleotide salvage (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Purine salvage (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - AMP + H2O => IMP + NH4+ (AMPD) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - N6-methyl-AMP + H2O => IMP + methylamine (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Pyrimidine salvage (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - HDHD1:Mg2+ dephosphorylates PURIDP (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
- Metabolism of porphyrins (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Heme biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - 4 PBGs bind to form HMB (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
    - ALAD condenses 2 dALAs to form PBG (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Metabolism of cofactors (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - GCH1 reduces GTP to dihydroneopterin triphosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - 10-formylTHF polyglutamate <=> 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + H2O (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + H2O <=> 10-formylTHF polyglutamate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Nicotinate metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - NADSYN1 hexamer amidates NAAD to NAD+ (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - 2xENPP1 hydrolyzes FAD to FMN (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - 2xTRAP hydrolyzes FMN to RIB (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Vitamins B6 activation to pyridoxal phosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - AOX1 oxidises PXL to PDXate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
- Pyrophosphate hydrolysis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - H2O [cytosol]
- Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (cytosol) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - H2O [cytosol]
  - Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (cytosol) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - H2O [cytosol]

Metabolism of RNA (Arabidopsis thaliana)

- Deadenylation-dependent mRNA decay (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - mRNA decay by 3' to 5' exoribonuclease (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Exosome Complex hydrolyzes mRNA by 3' to 5' exoribonuclease digestion (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
    - NT5C3B hydrolyses 7MGP to 7MG (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
  - mRNA decay by 5' to 3' exoribonuclease (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - DCP1-DCP2 complex decaps mRNA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]

Metabolism of proteins (Arabidopsis thaliana)

- Post-translational protein modification (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        GMDS dehydrates GDP-Man to GDP-DHDMan (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        Synthesis of Dolichyl-phosphate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        DOLPP1 dephosphorylates DOLDP to DOLP (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - N-glycan trimming in the ER and Calnexin/Calreticulin cycle (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Deglycosylation complex hydrolyses N-glycans from unfolded glycoproteins (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - ENGASE hydrolyses unfolded protein:(GlcNAc)2 (Man(9-5) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Deubiquitination (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Josephin domain DUBs (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - ATXN3 family cleave Ub chains (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - UCH proteinases (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - UCHL1, UCHL3 cleave ubiquitin adducts (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - UCHL3, SENP8 cleave NEDD8 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - Ub-specific processing proteases (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Gamma carboxylation, hypusine formation and arylsulfatase activation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - DOHH:Fe2+ hydroxylates Dhp-K50-EIF5A to form Hyp-K50-EIF5A (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Neddylation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - UCHL3, SENP8 cleave NEDD8 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
  - Post-translational modification: synthesis of GPI-anchored proteins (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - N-acetylglucosaminyl-PI + H2O -> glucosaminyl-PI + acetate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
- Surfactant metabolism (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - ABCA3 transports PC, PG from ER membrane to lamellar body (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - H2O [cytosol]
- Translation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Eukaryotic Translation Termination (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - APEH hydrolyses NAc-Ser-protein (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
  - tRNA Aminoacylation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - pyrophosphate + H2O => 2 orthophosphate [cytosolic] (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
- Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - IRE1alpha activates chaperones (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - XBP1(S) activates chaperone genes (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - ASNA1 transports TA proteins from cytosol to ER membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]

Signal Transduction (Arabidopsis thaliana)

- Signaling by GPCR (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - GPCR downstream signalling (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - G alpha (i) signalling events (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Opioid Signalling (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        G-protein mediated events (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        PLC beta mediated events (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        Inactivation of PLC beta (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        PIP2 hydrolysis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - Visual phototransduction (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision) (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        ABCA4 mediates atRAL transport (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
        
        RPE65 isomero-hydrolyses atREs to 11cROL (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
    - G alpha (q) signalling events (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        Arachidonate production from DAG (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
- Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Signaling by Retinoic Acid (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - RA biosynthesis pathway (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - ALDHs oxidise atRAL to atRA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]

Transport of small molecules (Arabidopsis thaliana)

- ABC-family proteins mediated transport (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Aquaporin-mediated transport (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Passive transport by Aquaporins (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Aquaporins passively transport water into cells (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
    - Aquaporins passively transport water out of cells (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
  - Vasopressin regulates renal water homeostasis via Aquaporins (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Ion channel transport (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Ion transport by P-type ATPases (Arabidopsis thaliana)
- Iron uptake and transport (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Transferrin endocytosis and recycling (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
- O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Carbonic anhydrase I/II hydrates carbon dioxide (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
  - Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Carbonic anhydrase I/II dehydrates bicarbonate (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - H2O [cytosol]
- Plasma lipoprotein assembly, remodeling, and clearance (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Plasma lipoprotein remodeling (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - HDL remodeling (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - ABCG1-mediated transport of intracellular cholesterol to the cell surface (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]

Vesicle-mediated transport (Arabidopsis thaliana)

- Membrane Trafficking (Arabidopsis thaliana)
  - Intra-Golgi and retrograde Golgi-to-ER traffic (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - Golgi-to-ER retrograde transport (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - COPI-independent Golgi-to-ER retrograde traffic (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        PLA2s hydrolyze phospholipids at the Golgi membrane (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
  - Rab regulation of trafficking (Arabidopsis thaliana)
    - TBC/RABGAPs (Arabidopsis thaliana)
      - TBC1D15 accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB7 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]
      - TBC1D2A accelerates GTP hydrolysis by RAB7 (Arabidopsis thaliana)
        
        H2O [cytosol]