Reactome | NADPH [cytosol]

Cellular responses to stimuli (Bos taurus)

- Cellular responses to stress (Bos taurus)
  - Cellular response to chemical stress (Bos taurus)
    - Cytoprotection by HMOX1 (Bos taurus)
      - BLVRA:Zn2+, BLVRB reduce BV to BIL (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - HMOX1 dimer, HMOX2 cleave heme (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
    - Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Bos taurus)

Drug ADME (Bos taurus)

- Atorvastatin ADME (Bos taurus)
- Paracetamol ADME (Bos taurus)
  - CYP2E1 monooxygenates APAP to NAPQI (Bos taurus)
    - NADPH [cytosol]
- Prednisone ADME (Bos taurus)
  - AKR1C1 hydrogenates PREDN,PREDL (Bos taurus)
    - NADPH [cytosol]
  - HSD11B2 dehydrogenates PREDL to PREDN (Bos taurus)
    - NADPH [cytosol]

Gene expression (Transcription) (Bos taurus)

- RNA Polymerase II Transcription (Bos taurus)
  - Generic Transcription Pathway (Bos taurus)
    - Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 (Bos taurus)
      - TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes (Bos taurus)
        
        alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Death Genes (Bos taurus)
        
        TP53 regulates transcription of several additional cell death genes whose specific roles in p53-dependent apoptosis remain uncertain (Bos taurus)
        
        TP53I3 oxidoreductase generates unstable semiquinones (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]

Hemostasis (Bos taurus)

- Platelet homeostasis (Bos taurus)
  - Nitric oxide stimulates guanylate cyclase (Bos taurus)
    - Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) produces Nitric Oxide (NO) (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]

Immune System (Bos taurus)

- Innate Immune System (Bos taurus)
  - ROS and RNS production in phagocytes (Bos taurus)
    - NOX2 generates superoxide anion from oxygen (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
    - Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) produces Nitric Oxide (NO) (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]

Metabolism (Bos taurus)

- Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport (Bos taurus)
  - Pyruvate metabolism (Bos taurus)
    - ME1 tetramer decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
- Biological oxidations (Bos taurus)
  - Aflatoxin activation and detoxification (Bos taurus)
  - Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Bos taurus)
    - ALD3A1 oxidises 4HPCP to CXPA (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
    - CBR3 reduces DOX to DOXOL (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
    - Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type (Bos taurus)
  - Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Bos taurus)
    - Glutathione conjugation (Bos taurus)
      - AKR1A1 oxidises BaPtDHD to BaP-7,8-dione (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
- Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Bos taurus)
  - Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Bos taurus)
    - PYCRL decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
  - Metabolism of amine-derived hormones (Bos taurus)
    - Thyroxine biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
      - Regulation of thyroid hormone activity (Bos taurus)
        
        Thyroxine is deiodinated to reverse triiodothyronine (RT3) (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        Thyroxine is deiodinated to triiodothyronine (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
  - Selenoamino acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
    - Metabolism of ingested MeSeO2H into MeSeH (Bos taurus)
      - MeSeO2H is reduced to MeSeOH by TXNRD1 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - MeSeOH is reduced to MeSeH by TXNRD1 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
  - Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
    - Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine (Bos taurus)
      - FMO1:FAD oxidizes HTAU to TAU (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
  - Tryptophan catabolism (Bos taurus)
    - kynurenine + O2 + NADPH + H+ => 3-hydroxykynurenine + NADP+ + H2O (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
  - Urea cycle (Bos taurus)
    - ASS1 tetramer:NMRAL1 dimer:NADPH transforms L-Asp and L-Cit to ARSUA (Bos taurus)
      - ASS1 tetramer:NMRAL1 dimer:NADPH [cytosol] (Bos taurus)
        
        NMRAL1 dimer:NADPH [cytosol] (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
- Metabolism of carbohydrates (Bos taurus)
  - Formation of xylulose-5-phosphate (Bos taurus)
    - AKR1A1 reduces D-glucuronate to L-gulonate (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
    - DCXR tetramer reduces L-xylulose to xylitol (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
  - Fructose metabolism (Bos taurus)
    - Fructose biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
      - AKR1B1 reduces Glc to D-sorbitol (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
  - Pentose phosphate pathway (Bos taurus)
    - 6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ => D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
    - alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
- Metabolism of lipids (Bos taurus)
  - Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) (Bos taurus)
    - Biosynthesis of DHA-derived SPMs (Bos taurus)
      - ALOX12:Fe2+ dehydrogenates 14(S)-Hp-DHA to 13(S),14(S)-epoxy-DHA (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - ALOX15 dehydrogenates 17(S)-Hp-DHA to 16S,17S-epoxy-DHA (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - Biosynthesis of D-series resolvins (Bos taurus)
        
        ALOX5 dehydrogenates 4(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA to 4S(5)-epoxy-17(S)-HDHA (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        ALOX5 dehydrogenates 7(S)-Hp-17(S)-HDHA to 7S(8)-epoxy-17S-HDHA (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - Biosynthesis of aspirin-triggered D-series resolvins (Bos taurus)
        
        ALOX5 dehydrogenates 4(S)-Hp-17(R)-HDHA to 4S(5)-epoxy-17(R)-HDHA (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        ALOX5 dehydrogenates 7(S)-Hp-17R-HDHA to 7S(8)-epoxy-17R-HDHA (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - Biosynthesis of maresins (Bos taurus)
        
        Biosynthesis of maresin-like SPMs (Bos taurus)
        
        CYP2E1 oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to 14(R),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(R),21(S)-diHDHA (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        CYP2E1 oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to 14(S),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(S),21(S)-diHDHA (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        CYPs hydroxylate DHA to 14(R)-HDHA (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - Biosynthesis of protectins (Bos taurus)
        
        ALOX15 dehydrogenates 17(R)-Hp-DHA to 17R(16)-epoxy-DHA (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        CYP1, CYP2 hydroxylate (N)PD1 to 22-OH-(N)PD1 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
    - Biosynthesis of DPA-derived SPMs (Bos taurus)
      - Biosynthesis of DPAn-3 SPMs (Bos taurus)
        
        Biosynthesis of DPAn-3-derived maresins (Bos taurus)
        
        ALOX12:Fe2+ dehydrogenates 14(S)-Hp-DPAn-3 to 13,14-epoxy-DPAn-3 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        Biosynthesis of DPAn-3-derived protectins and resolvins (Bos taurus)
        
        ALOX5 dehydrogenates 17(S)-Hp-DPAn-3 to 16(S),17(S)-epoxy-DPAn-3 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        ALOX5 dehydrogenates 7,17-diHp-DPAn-3 to 7,8-epoxy,17-HDPAn-3 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
  - Fatty acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
    - Arachidonic acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
      - Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives (Bos taurus)
        
        Arachidonic acid is oxidised to 15R-HETE by Acetyl-PTGS2 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - Synthesis of Leukotrienes (LT) and Eoxins (EX) (Bos taurus)
        
        20cho-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cooh-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        20oh-LTB4 is oxidised to 20cho-LTB4 by CYP4F2/4F3 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        CYP4F2, 4F3 20-hydroxylate LTB4 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX) (Bos taurus)
        
        PGD2 is reduced to 11-epi-PGF2a by AKRIC3 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        PGE2 is converted to PGF2a by CBR1 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        PGH2 is reduced to PGF2a by AKR1C3 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET) (Bos taurus)
        
        Arachidonic acid is epoxidated to 5,6-EET by CYP(4) (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        Arachidonic acid is epoxidated to 8,9/11,12/14,15-EET by CYP(5) (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
    - Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
      - Conversion of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to palmitate (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Bos taurus)
        
        HSD17B3,12 hydrogenates 3OOD-CoA to 3HODC-CoA (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        TECR,TECRL dehydrogenate TOD-CoA to ST-CoA (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
  - Metabolism of steroids (Bos taurus)
    - Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Bos taurus)
      - Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Bos taurus)
        
        CYP7B1 7-hydroxylates 25OH-CHOL (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Bos taurus)
        
        4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        CYP39A1 7-hydroxylates 24OH-CHOL (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol (Bos taurus)
        
        27-hydroxycholesterol is 7alpha-hydroxylated (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Bos taurus)
        
        4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        5Beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        CYP7A1 7-hydroxylates CHOL (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
    - Cholesterol biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
    - Metabolism of steroid hormones (Bos taurus)
      - Androgen biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
        
        CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates P4 to 17aHPROG (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPREG to DHA (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPROG to ANDST (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        HSD17B3-like proteins reducde ANDST to TEST (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        SRD5A1 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        SRD5A2 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        SRD5A3 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - Estrogen biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
        
        CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        CYP19A1 hydroxylates TEST to EST17b (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        HSD17B1 hydrogenates E1 to EST17b (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        HSD17B11 dehydrogenates EST17b to E1 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        HSD17B14 tetramer oxidises estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        HSD17B2 oxidises estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - Glucocorticoid biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
        
        CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        CYP21A2 oxidises 17HPROG (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        HSD11B2,HSD11B1 dimer oxidise CORT to COR (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
        
        CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - Pregnenolone biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
        
        Reduction of isocaproaldehyde to 4-methylpentan-1-ol (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
    - Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism (Bos taurus)
  - Sphingolipid metabolism (Bos taurus)
    - Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
      - KDSR reduces 3-ketosphingoid (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
  - Wax and plasmalogen biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
    - Plasmalogen biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
      - DHRS7B reduces GO3P to HXDG3P (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
    - Wax biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
      - FAR1 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - FAR2 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
- Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation (Bos taurus)
  - eNOS activation (Bos taurus)
- Metabolism of nucleotides (Bos taurus)
  - Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Bos taurus)
    - glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
    - thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
  - Nucleotide catabolism (Bos taurus)
    - Pyrimidine catabolism (Bos taurus)
      - thymine + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrothymine + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - uracil + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
  - Nucleotide salvage (Bos taurus)
    - Purine salvage (Bos taurus)
      - GMP + NADPH + H+ => IMP + NADP+ + NH4+ (GMPR,GMPR2) (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
- Metabolism of porphyrins (Bos taurus)
  - Heme degradation (Bos taurus)
    - BLVRA:Zn2+, BLVRB reduce BV to BIL (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
    - HMOX1 dimer, HMOX2 cleave heme (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
- Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Bos taurus)
  - Metabolism of cofactors (Bos taurus)
    - NADPH regeneration (Bos taurus)
      - isocitrate + NADP+ => 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
    - Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation (Bos taurus)
      - PTHP is reduced to BH4 by sepiapterin reductase (SPR) (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to BH2 (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
  - Metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (Bos taurus)
    - Retinoid metabolism and transport (Bos taurus)
      - AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
  - Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Bos taurus)
    - Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport and metabolism (Bos taurus)
      - Cobalamin (Cbl) metabolism (Bos taurus)
        
        MMACHC decyanates CNCbl (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        MTRR reduces cob(II)alamin to meCbl (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
    - Metabolism of folate and pterines (Bos taurus)

Metabolism of proteins (Bos taurus)

- Post-translational protein modification (Bos taurus)
  - Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Bos taurus)
    - Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Bos taurus)
      - Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Bos taurus)
        
        GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
        
        TSTA3 dimer reduces GDP-KDGal to GDP-Fuc (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        Synthesis of Dolichyl-phosphate (Bos taurus)
        
        SRD5A3 reduces pPNOL to DCHOL (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]

Sensory Perception (Bos taurus)

- Visual phototransduction (Bos taurus)
  - Retinoid metabolism and transport (Bos taurus)
    - AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
    - RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]
  - The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision) (Bos taurus)
  - The retinoid cycle in cones (daylight vision) (Bos taurus)
    - atRAL is reduced to atROL (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]

Signal Transduction (Bos taurus)

- Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (Bos taurus)
  - ESR-mediated signaling (Bos taurus)
    - Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling (Bos taurus)
      - eNOS synthesizes NO (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
  - Signaling by Retinoic Acid (Bos taurus)
    - RA biosynthesis pathway (Bos taurus)
- Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (Bos taurus)
  - Signaling by VEGF (Bos taurus)
    - VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
      - VEGFR2 mediated vascular permeability (Bos taurus)
        
        eNOS synthesizes NO (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
- Signaling by Rho GTPases, Miro GTPases and RHOBTB3 (Bos taurus)
  - Signaling by Rho GTPases (Bos taurus)
    - RHO GTPase Effectors (Bos taurus)
      - RHO GTPases Activate NADPH Oxidases (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        NOX1 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        NOX3 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]
        
        Production of phagocyte oxygen radicals by NOX2 complex bound to RAC2:GTP (Bos taurus)
        
        NADPH [cytosol]

Transport of small molecules (Bos taurus)

- Iron uptake and transport (Bos taurus)
  - HMOX1 dimer, HMOX2 cleave heme (Bos taurus)
    - NADPH [cytosol]
  - Transferrin endocytosis and recycling (Bos taurus)
    - STEAP3,STEAP4 reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ (Bos taurus)
      - NADPH [cytosol]