Reactome | Activated thrombin (factor IIa) cleaves PAR3,4, activating them

Activated thrombin (factor IIa) cleaves PAR3,4, activating them

Stable Identifier

R-HSA-114697

Type

Reaction [transition]

Species

Homo sapiens

Compartment

extracellular region, plasma membrane

Synonyms

Thrombin-mediated activation of Proteinase-activated receptors

ReviewStatus

5/5

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Activated thrombin (factor IIa) cleaves PAR3,4, activating them

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Thrombin signaling is mediated at least in part by a small family of G protein-coupled Proteinase Activated Receptors (PARs). Human platelet activation by thrombin is mediated predominantly by PAR1; PAR4-induced platelet responses are less pronounced. PAR2 is not present in human platelets. PARs 1, 3 and 4 are activated when thrombin cleaves an N-terminal exodomain. This cleavage event unmasks a new N-terminus that serves as a tethered ligand that binds intramolecularly to the body of the receptor to effect transmembrane signaling. Intermolecular ligation of one PAR molecule by another can occur but, not surprisingly, appears to be less efficient than self-ligation. A synthetic peptide of sequence SFLLRN, the first six amino acids of the new N-terminus generated when thrombin cleaves PAR1, can activate PAR1 independent of protease and receptor cleavage. In addition to providing evidence for the tethered ligand mechanism, such tethered ligand-mimicking peptides have provided a convenient pharmacological tool for probing the effects of PAR activation in cells and tissues.

Literature References

PubMed ID	Title	Journal	Year
9087410	Protease-activated receptor 3 is a second thrombin receptor in humans Zheng, YW, Zeng, D, Kahn, ML, Connolly, AJ, Coughlin, SR, Tram, T, Timmons, C, Ishihara, H	Nature	1997
9618465	Cloning and characterization of human protease-activated receptor 4 Whitmore, TE, Xu, WF, Yee, DP, Andersen, H, Presnell, SR, Ching, A, Davie, EW, Gilbert, T, Foster, DC	Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A	1998
1672265	Molecular cloning of a functional thrombin receptor reveals a novel proteolytic mechanism of receptor activation Wheaton, VI, Vu, TK, Coughlin, SR, Hung, DT	Cell	1991