Signaling by Hippo

Stable Identifier
R-HSA-2028269
DOI
Type
Pathway
Species
Homo sapiens
Compartment
Synonyms
Hippo signaling cascade
ReviewStatus
5/5
Locations in the PathwayBrowser
General
SVG |   | PPTX  | SBGN
Click the image above or here to open this pathway in the Pathway Browser
Human Hippo signaling is a network of reactions that regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis, centered on a three-step kinase cascade. The cascade was discovered by analysis of Drosophila mutations that lead to tissue overgrowth, and human homologues of its components have since been identified and characterized at a molecular level. Data from studies of mice carrying knockout mutant alleles of the genes as well as from studies of somatic mutations in these genes in human tumors are consistent with the conclusion that in mammals, as in flies, the Hippo cascade is required for normal regulation of cell proliferation and defects in the pathway are associated with cell overgrowth and tumorigenesis (Oh and Irvine 2010; Pan 2010; Zhao et al. 2010). This group of reactions is also notable for its abundance of protein:protein interactions mediated by WW domains and PPxY sequence motifs (Sudol and Harvey 2010).

There are two human homologues of each of the three Drosophila kinases, whose functions are well conserved: expression of human proteins rescues fly mutants. The two members of each pair of human homologues have biochemically indistinguishable functions. Autophosphorylated STK3 (MST2) and STK4 (MST1) (homologues of Drosophila Hippo) catalyze the phosphorylation and activation of LATS1 and LATS2 (homologues of Drosophila Warts) and of the accessory proteins MOB1A and MOB1B (homologues of Drosophila Mats). LATS1 and LATS2 in turn catalyze the phosphorylation of the transcriptional co-activators YAP1 and WWTR1 (TAZ) (homologues of Drosophila Yorkie).

In their unphosphorylated states, YAP1 and WWTR1 freely enter the nucleus and function as transcriptional co-activators. In their phosphorylated states, however, YAP1 and WWTR1 are instead bound by 14-3-3 proteins, YWHAB and YWHAE respectively, and sequestered in the cytosol.

Several accessory proteins are required for the three-step kinase cascade to function. STK3 (MST2) and STK4 (MST1) each form a complex with SAV1 (homologue of Drosophila Salvador), and LATS1 and LATS2 form complexes with MOB1A and MOB1B (homologues of Drosophila Mats).

In Drosophila a complex of three proteins, Kibra, Expanded, and Merlin, can trigger the Hippo cascade. A human homologue of Kibra, WWC1, has been identified and indirect evidence suggests that it can regulate the human Hippo pathway (Xiao et al. 2011). A molecular mechanism for this interaction has not yet been worked out and the molecular steps that trigger the Hippo kinase cascade in humans are unknown.

Four additional processes related to human Hippo signaling, although incompletely characterized, have been described in sufficient detail to allow their annotation. All are of physiological interest as they are likely to be parts of mechanisms by which Hippo signaling is modulated or functionally linked to other signaling processes. First, the caspase 3 protease cleaves STK3 (MST2) and STK4 (MST1), releasing inhibitory carboxyterminal domains in each case, leading to increased kinase activity and YAP1 / TAZ phosphorylation (Lee et al. 2001). Second, cytosolic AMOT (angiomotin) proteins can bind YAP1 and WWTR1 (TAZ) in their unphosphorylated states, a process that may provide a Hippo-independent mechanism to down-regulate the activities of these proteins (Chan et al. 2011). Third, WWTR1 (TAZ) and YAP1 bind ZO-1 and 2 proteins (Remue et al. 2010; Oka et al. 2010). Fourth, phosphorylated WWTR1 (TAZ) binds and sequesters DVL2, providing a molecular link between Hippo and Wnt signaling (Varelas et al. 2010).

Literature References
PubMed ID Title Journal Year
20868367 Functional complexes between YAP2 and ZO-2 are PDZ domain-dependent, and regulate YAP2 nuclear localization and signalling

Meerschaert, K, Bader, GD, Vandekerckhove, J, Remue, E, Gettemans, J, Sudol, M, Vanloo, B, Boucherie, C, Oka, T, Gfeller, D, Sidhu, SS

Biochem J 2010
20598891 Modularity in the Hippo signaling pathway

Harvey, KF, Sudol, M

Trends Biochem Sci 2010
20452772 Yorkie: the final destination of Hippo signaling

Oh, H, Irvine, KD

Trends Cell Biol 2010
21224387 Hippo pathway-independent restriction of TAZ and YAP by angiomotin

Pobbati, AV, Lim, CJ, Hong, W, Huang, C, Chan, SW, Chong, YF

J Biol Chem 2011
20412773 The Hippo pathway regulates Wnt/beta-catenin signaling

Pawson, T, Wrana, JL, Gregorieff, A, Sakuma, R, Fellouse, FA, Attisano, L, Varelas, X, Song, S, McNeill, H, Hunziker, W, Miller, BW, Sopko, R

Dev Cell 2010
21233212 KIBRA regulates Hippo signaling activity via interactions with large tumor suppressor kinases

Chen, Y, Ji, M, Dong, J, Xiao, L

J Biol Chem 2011
20850437 TAZ interacts with zonula occludens-1 and -2 proteins in a PDZ-1 dependent manner

Meerschaert, K, Vandekerckhove, J, Remue, E, Gettemans, J, Sudol, M, Boucherie, C, Oka, T

FEBS Lett 2010
11278283 MST, a physiological caspase substrate, highly sensitizes apoptosis both upstream and downstream of caspase activation

Tsubuki, S, Yajima, N, Lee, KK, Ohyama, T, Yonehara, S

J Biol Chem 2001
20951342 The hippo signaling pathway in development and cancer

Pan, D

Dev Cell 2010
20439427 The Hippo-YAP pathway in organ size control and tumorigenesis: an updated version

Lei, Q, Guan, KL, Li, L, Zhao, B

Genes Dev 2010
Participants
Events
Participates
Event Information
Go Biological Process
Orthologous Events
Authored
Reviewed
Created
Cite Us!