As inferred from mouse, BMAL1 (ARNTL), CLOCK, and NPAS2 are phosphorylated by unknown kinases. The phosphorylation is dependent on the heterodimerization of BMAL1 with CLOCK or NPAS2. Phosphorylated BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2 is a much stronger transactivator of gene expression than is unphosphorylated BMAL1:CLOCK/NPAS2.
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