Reactome | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis

Stable Identifier

R-HSA-8856828

Type

Pathway

Species

Homo sapiens

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Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is one of a number of process that control the uptake of material from the plasma membrane, and leads to the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles (Pearse et al, 1975; reviewed in Robinson, 2015; McMahon and Boucrot, 2011; Kirchhausen et al, 2014). CME contributes to signal transduction by regulating the cell surface expression and signaling of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Most RTKs exhibit a robust increase in internalization rate after binding specific ligands; however, some RTKs may also exhibit significant ligand-independent internalization (reviewed in Goh and Sorkin, 2013). CME controls RTK and GPCR signaling by organizing signaling both within the plasma membrane and on endosomes (reviewed in Eichel et al, 2016; Garay et al, 2015; Vieira et al, 1996; Sorkin and von Zastrow, 2014; Di Fiori and von Zastrow, 2014; Barbieri et al, 2016). CME also contributes to the uptake of material such as metabolites, hormones and other proteins from the extracellular space, and regulates membrane composition by recycling membrane components and/or targeting them for degradation.

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis involves initiation of clathrin-coated pit (CCP) formation, cargo selection, coat assembly and stabilization, membrane scission and vesicle uncoating. Although for simplicity in this pathway, the steps leading to a mature CCP are represented in a linear and temporally distinct fashion, the formation of a clathrin-coated vesicle is a highly heterogeneous process and clear temporal boundaries between these processes may not exist (see for instance Taylor et al, 2011; Antonescu et al, 2011; reviewed in Kirchhausen et al, 2014). Cargo selection in particular is a critical aspect of the formation of a mature and stable CCP, and many of the proteins involved in the initiation and maturation of a CCP contribute to cargo selection and are themselves stabilized upon incorporation of cargo into the nascent vesicle (reviewed in Kirchhausen et al, 2014; McMahon and Boucrot, 2011).

Although the clathrin triskelion was identified early as a major component of the coated vesicles, clathrin does not bind directly to membranes or to the endocytosed cargo. Vesicle formation instead relies on many proteins and adaptors that can bind the plasma membrane and interact with cargo molecules. Cargo selection depends on the recognition of endocytic signals in cytoplasmic tails of the cargo proteins by adaptors that interact with components of the vesicle's inner coat. The classic adaptor for clathrin-coated vesicles is the tetrameric AP-2 complex, which along with clathrin was identified early as a major component of the coat. Some cargo indeed bind directly to AP-2, but subsequent work has revealed a large family of proteins collectively known as CLASPs (clathrin- associated sorting proteins) that mediate the recruitment of diverse cargo into the emerging clathrin-coated vesicles (reviewed in Traub and Bonifacino, 2013). Many of these CLASP proteins themselves interact with AP-2 and clathrin, coordinating cargo recruitment with coat formation (Schmid et al, 2006; Edeling et al, 2006; reviewed in Traub and Bonifacino, 2013; Kirchhausen et al, 2014).

Initiation of CCP formation is also influenced by lipid composition, regulated by clathrin-associated phosphatases and kinases (reviewed in Picas et al, 2016). The plasma membrane is enriched in PI(4,5)P2. Many of the proteins involved in initiating clathrin-coated pit formation bind to PI(4,5)P2 and induce membrane curvature through their BAR domains (reviewed in McMahon and Boucrot, 2011; Daumke et al, 2014). Epsin also contributes to early membrane curvature through its Epsin N-terminal homology (ENTH) domain, which promotes membrane curvature by inserting into the lipid bilayer (Ford et al, 2002).

Following initiation, some CCPs progress to formation of vesicles, while others undergo disassembly at the cell surface without producing vesicles (Ehrlich et al, 2004; Loerke et al, 2009; Loerke et al, 2011; Aguet et al, 2013; Taylor et al, 2011). The assembly and stabilization of nascent CCPs is regulated by several proteins and lipids (Mettlen et al, 2009; Antonescu et al, 2011).

Maturation of the emerging clathrin-coated vesicle is accompanied by further changes in the lipid composition of the membrane and increased membrane curvature, promoted by the recruitment of N-BAR domain containing proteins (reviewed in Daumke et al, 2014; Ferguson and De Camilli, 2012; Picas et al, 2016). Some N-BAR domain containing proteins also contribute to the recruitment of the large GTPase dynamin, which is responsible for scission of the mature vesicle from the plasma membrane (Koh et al, 2007; Lundmark and Carlsson, 2003; Soulet et al, 2005; David et al, 1996; Owen et al, 1998; Shupliakov et al, 1997; Taylor et al, 2011; Ferguson et al, 2009; Aguet et al, 2013; Posor et al, 2013; Chappie et al, 2010; Shnyrova et al, 2013; reviewed in Mettlen et al, 2009; Daumke et al, 2014). After vesicle scission, the clathrin coat is dissociated from the new vesicle by the ATPase HSPA8 (also known as HSC70) and its DNAJ cofactor auxilin, priming the vesicle for fusion with a subsequent endocytic compartment and releasing clathrin for reuse (reviewed in McMahon and Boucrot, 2011; Sousa and Laufer, 2015).

Literature References

PubMed ID	Title	Journal	Year
9736607	Crystal structure of the amphiphysin-2 SH3 domain and its role in the prevention of dynamin ring formation Owen, DJ, Wigge, P, Vallis, Y, Moore, JD, Evans, PR, McMahon, HT	EMBO J.	1998
26872272	Endocytic control of signaling at the plasma membrane Barbieri, E, Di Fiore, PP, Sigismund, S	Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.	2016
19696798	Endocytosis and signalling: intertwining molecular networks Sorkin, A, von Zastrow, M	Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.	2009
15339664	Endocytosis by random initiation and stabilization of clathrin-coated pits Ehrlich, M, Boll, W, Van Oijen, A, Hariharan, R, Chandran, K, Nibert, ML, Kirchhausen, T	Cell	2004
26042225	The role of molecular chaperones in clathrin mediated vesicular trafficking Sousa, R, Lafer, EM	Front Mol Biosci	2015
23823722	Spatiotemporal control of endocytosis by phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate Posor, Y, Eichhorn-Gruenig, M, Puchkov, D, Schöneberg, J, Ullrich, A, Lampe, A, Müller, R, Zarbakhsh, S, Gulluni, F, Hirsch, E, Krauss, M, Schultz, C, Schmoranzer, J, Noé, F, Haucke, V	Nature	2013
8552632	A role of amphiphysin in synaptic vesicle endocytosis suggested by its binding to dynamin in nerve terminals David, C, McPherson, PS, Mundigl, O, De Camilli, P	Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.	1996
19754444	Dissecting dynamin's role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis Mettlen, M, Pucadyil, T, Ramachandran, R, Schmid, SL	Biochem. Soc. Trans.	2009
16516836	Molecular switches involving the AP-2 beta2 appendage regulate endocytic cargo selection and clathrin coat assembly Edeling, MA, Mishra, SK, Keyel, PA, Steinhauser, AL, Collins, BM, Roth, R, Heuser, JE, Owen, DJ, Traub, LM	Dev. Cell	2006
19458185	Endocytic accessory proteins are functionally distinguished by their differential effects on the maturation of clathrin-coated pits Mettlen, M, Stoeber, M, Loerke, D, Antonescu, CN, Danuser, G, Schmid, SL	Mol. Biol. Cell	2009
23891661	Advances in analysis of low signal-to-noise images link dynamin and AP2 to the functions of an endocytic checkpoint Aguet, F, Antonescu, CN, Mettlen, M, Schmid, SL, Danuser, G	Dev. Cell	2013
8953040	Control of EGF receptor signaling by clathrin-mediated endocytosis Vieira, AV, Lamaze, C, Schmid, SL	Science	1996
24789820	Molecular structure, function, and dynamics of clathrin-mediated membrane traffic Kirchhausen, T, Owen, D, Harrison, SC	Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol	2014
24186068	Cargo recognition in clathrin-mediated endocytosis Traub, LM, Bonifacino, JS	Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol	2013
12353027	Curvature of clathrin-coated pits driven by epsin Ford, MG, Mills, IG, Peter, BJ, Vallis, Y, Praefcke, GJ, Evans, PR, McMahon, HT	Nature	2002
19092055	SNX9 - a prelude to vesicle release Lundmark, R, Carlsson, SR	J. Cell. Sci.	2009
21779028	Molecular mechanism and physiological functions of clathrin-mediated endocytosis McMahon, HT, Boucrot, E	Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.	2011
15703209	SNX9 regulates dynamin assembly and is required for efficient clathrin-mediated endocytosis Soulet, F, Yarar, D, Leonard, M, Schmid, SL	Mol. Biol. Cell	2005
19296720	Cargo and dynamin regulate clathrin-coated pit maturation Loerke, D, Mettlen, M, Yarar, D, Jaqaman, K, Jaqaman, H, Danuser, G, Schmid, SL	PLoS Biol.	2009
1177317	Coated vesicles from pig brain: purification and biochemical characterization Pearse, BM	J. Mol. Biol.	1975
27092250	The emerging role of phosphoinositide clustering in intracellular trafficking and signal transduction Picas, L, Gaits-Iacovoni, F, Goud, B	F1000Res	2016
26403691	Forty Years of Clathrin-coated Vesicles Robinson, MS	Traffic	2015
20428113	G domain dimerization controls dynamin's assembly-stimulated GTPase activity Chappie, JS, Acharya, S, Leonard, M, Schmid, SL, Dyda, F	Nature	2010
16903783	Role of the AP2 beta-appendage hub in recruiting partners for clathrin-coated vesicle assembly Schmid, EM, Ford, MG, Burtey, A, Praefcke, GJ, Peak-Chew, SY, Mills, IG, Benmerah, A, McMahon, HT	PLoS Biol.	2006
9092476	Synaptic vesicle endocytosis impaired by disruption of dynamin-SH3 domain interactions Shupliakov, O, Löw, P, Grabs, D, Gad, H, Chen, H, David, C, Takei, K, De Camilli, P, Brodin, L	Science	1997
26829388	?-Arrestin drives MAP kinase signalling from clathrin-coated structures after GPCR dissociation Eichel, K, Jullié, D, von Zastrow, M	Nat. Cell Biol.	2016
20059951	Coordinated actions of actin and BAR proteins upstream of dynamin at endocytic clathrin-coated pits Ferguson, S, Raimondi, A, Paradise, S, Shen, H, Mesaki, K, Ferguson, A, Destaing, O, Ko, G, Takasaki, J, Cremona, O, O' Toole, E, De Camilli, P	Dev. Cell	2009
21613550	Phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate regulates clathrin-coated pit initiation, stabilization, and size Antonescu, CN, Aguet, F, Danuser, G, Schmid, SL	Mol. Biol. Cell	2011
26246598	Epidermal growth factor-stimulated Akt phosphorylation requires clathrin or ErbB2 but not receptor endocytosis Garay, C, Judge, G, Lucarelli, S, Bautista, S, Pandey, R, Singh, T, Antonescu, CN	Mol. Biol. Cell	2015
22233676	Dynamin, a membrane-remodelling GTPase Ferguson, SM, De Camilli, P	Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.	2012
25085911	Endocytosis, signaling, and beyond Di Fiore, PP, von Zastrow, M	Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol	2014
23637288	Endocytosis of receptor tyrosine kinases Goh, LK, Sorkin, A	Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol	2013
21445324	A high precision survey of the molecular dynamics of mammalian clathrin-mediated endocytosis Taylor, MJ, Perrais, D, Merrifield, CJ	PLoS Biol.	2011
24581490	BAR domain scaffolds in dynamin-mediated membrane fission Daumke, O, Roux, A, Haucke, V	Cell	2014
17620409	Eps15 and Dap160 control synaptic vesicle membrane retrieval and synapse development Koh, TW, Korolchuk, VI, Wairkar, YP, Jiao, W, Evergren, E, Pan, H, Zhou, Y, Venken, KJ, Shupliakov, O, Robinson, IM, O'Kane, CJ, Bellen, HJ	J. Cell Biol.	2007
21447041	Measuring the hierarchy of molecular events during clathrin-mediated endocytosis Loerke, D, Mettlen, M, Schmid, SL, Danuser, G	Traffic	2011