The AGT gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mRNA is translated to yield protein.

The cardiovascular and other actions of the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II are mediated by the type 1 and type 2 angiotensin II receptors (AT1 and AT2), which are seven transmembrane glycoproteins with 30% sequence similarity. AT1 receptors (Bergsma DJ et al, 1992) couple to G(q/11), and signal through phospholipases A, C, D, inositol phosphates, calcium channels, and a variety of serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases. The AT2 receptor (Tsuzuki S et al, 1994) is expressed mainly during fetal development. It is much less abundant in adult tissues and is up-regulated in pathological conditions. Its signaling pathways include serine and tyrosine phosphatases, phospholipase A2, nitric oxide, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate. The AT2 receptor counteracts several of the growth responses initiated by the AT1 and growth factor receptors.

The cardiovascular and other actions of the vasoconstricting peptide angiotensin II are mediated by the type 1 and type 2 angiotensin II receptors (AT1 and AT2), which are seven transmembrane glycoproteins with 30% sequence similarity. AT1 receptors (Bergsma DJ et al, 1992) couple to G(q/11), and signal through phospholipases A, C, D, inositol phosphates, calcium channels, and a variety of serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases. The AT2 receptor (Tsuzuki S et al, 1994) is expressed mainly during fetal development. It is much less abundant in adult tissues and is up-regulated in pathological conditions. Its signaling pathways include serine and tyrosine phosphatases, phospholipase A2, nitric oxide, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate. The AT2 receptor counteracts several of the growth responses initiated by the AT1 and growth factor receptors.

Neprilysin (MME aka neutral endopeptidase NEP) hydrolyzes angiotensin-(1-10) (AGT(34-43), angiotensin I) directly to angiotensin-(1-7) (Rice et al. 2004). MME is the major enzyme involved in the metabolic inactivation of a number of bioactive signaling peptides including the enkephalins, substance P, endothelin, bradykinin, atrial natriuretic factor, and the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1. MME requires zinc as cofactor (Oefner et al. 2004, Oefner et al. 2007).

Neprilysin (MME aka neutral endopeptidase NEP) hydrolyzes angiotensin-(1-9) (AGT(34-42)) to yield angiotensin-(1-7) (Rice et al. 2004). The hydrolysis of angiotensin-(1-9) catalyzed by neprilysin is more efficient than that catalyzed by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (Rice et al. 2004). MME is the major enzyme involved in the metabolic inactivation of a number of bioactive signaling peptides including the enkephalins, substance P, endothelin, bradykinin, atrial natriuretic factor, and the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1. MME requires zinc as cofactor (Oefner et al. 2004, Oefner et al. 2007).

DNA damage can be directly reversed by dealkylation (Mitra and Kaina 1993). Three enzymes play a major role in reparative DNA dealkylation: MGMT, ALKBH2 and ALKBH3. MGMT dealkylates O-6-methylguanine in a suicidal reaction that inactivates the enzyme (Daniels et al. 2000, Rasimas et al. 2004, Duguid et al. 2005, Tubbs et al. 2007), while ALKBH2 and ALKBH3 dealkylate 1-methyladenine, 3-methyladenine, 3-methylcytosine and 1-ethyladenine (Duncan et al. 2002, Dango et al. 2011).