Retinal dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1A1 tetramer) is a cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase that can oxidise glyceraldehyde (GA) to D-glycerate (DGA) (Yoval-Sanchez et al. 2013). DGA is a metabolite in a minor pathway of fructose catabolism and serine catabolism.
ALDH1A1 (aldehyde dehydrogenase) in the cytosol catalyzes the reaction of acetaldehyde and NAD+ to form acetate and NADH + H+ (Inoue et al. 1979). The active form of the enzyme is a tetramer (Ni et al. 1999).
Several aldehyde dehydrogenases catalyse the irreversible oxidation of retinal to retinoic acid. ALDH1A1, 2 and 3 utilise NAD+ as cofactor to oxidise all-trans-retinal (atRAL) to all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA). They are cytosolic enzymes which are functional in their homotetrameric states (Yoshida et al. 1993, Duester 2008, Bchini et al. 2013).