Hyaluronidases are only active in acidic environments. HYAL2 can interact with the Na+-H+ exchanger (SLC9A1, NHE1) which can create an acidic microenvironment in the caveolae. Extracellular Na+ ions are exchanged for protons which creates the acidic conditions required for the activity of HYAL2 (Bourguignon et al. 2004). The interaction of calcineurin homologous protein 1 (CHP1) with SLC9A1 is essential for the maintenance of, or increasing, the pH sensitivity of SLC9A1 thus CHP1 can regulate SLC9A1 activity (Lin & Barber 1996, Pang et al. 2004, Mishima et al. 2007). CHP1 depletion in Xenopus oocytes results in a dramatic reduction (>90%) in the Na+-H+ exchange activity of SLC9A1 (Pang et al. 2001).
Compartment:
plasma membrane,
extracellular region
Estrogen-stimulation of ESR1 activates downstream signaling pathways that results in the release of HB-EGF in an IGF- MMP- and EGFR-dependent manner (Razandi et al, 2003; Song et al, 2004; Song et al, 2007; Santen et al, 2009). Based on studies in other systems, candidate MMPs for the cleavage of HB-EGF include MMP2, MMP3, MMP7 and MMP9 (Suzuki et al, 1997; Yu et al, 2002; Razandi et al, 2003). Although direct cleavage of HB-EGF by MMPs downstream of estrogen signaling has not been demonstrated, estrogen-stimulated signaling through EGFR is abrogated after treatment of cells with an HB-EGF neutralizing antibody (Razandi et al, 2003; Song et al, 2007).
Osteopontin (SPP1) is a highly phosphorylated sialoprotein that is a prominent component of the mineralized extracellular matrices of bones and teeth. It binds multiple integrins, including alphaVbeta3, alphaVbeta1 and alphaVbeta5 (Liaw et al. 1995) alpha9beta1 (Smith et al. 1996, Yokosaki et al. 1999), alpha4beta1 (Bayliss et al. 1998) and the receptor CD44 (Katagiri et al. 1999).
Osteopontin (SPP1) is a highly phosphorylated sialoprotein that is a prominent component of the mineralized extracellular matrices of bones and teeth. It binds multiple integrins, including alphaVbeta3, alphaVbeta1 and alphaVbeta5 (Liaw et al. 1995) alpha9beta1 (Smith et al. 1996, Yokosaki et al. 1999), alpha4beta1 (Bayliss et al. 1998), alpha8beta1 (Denda et al. 1998) and the receptor CD44 (Katagiri et al. 1999).