Phosphorylation of histone 3 at threonine residue T12 (also labeled in literature as T11) by PKN1 enables recruitment of demethylase KDM4C (JMJD2C) to trimethylated histone 3 at KLK2 and KLK3 promoters (Metzger et al. 2008). KDM4C specifically binds to trimethylated lysine residues (Whetstine et al. 2006).
KDM4C (JMJD2C) demethylates trimethylated lysine K10 of histone 3 in nucleosomes associated with promoters of KLK2 and KLK3 (PSA) genes (Metzger et al. 2008), converting it to dimethylated lysine (Whetstine et al. 2006).
All characterized lysine demethylases other than KDM1A belong to the jumonjiC domain (JmjC) containing family.The JmjC KDMs are members of the Cupin superfamily of mononuclear Fe (II) dependent oxygenases, which are characterized by the presence of a double-stranded beta-helix core fold. The JmjC KDMs require 2 oxoglutarate (2 OG) and molecular oxygen as co substrates, producing, along with formaldehyde, succinate and carbon dioxide. This hydroxylation based mechanism does not require a protonatable lysine e amine group and consequently JmjC containing demethylases are able to demethylate tri , di and monomethylated lysines. KDM4A-D (JMJD2A-D/JHDM3A-D) catalyse the demethylation of di- or tri-methylated histone H3 at lysine-10 (H3K9Me2/3) (Cloos et al. 2006, Fodor et al. 2006, Whetstine et al. 2007), with a strong preference for Me3 (Whetstine et al. 2007). MINA, a bifunctional histone lysine demethylase and ribosomal histidine hydroxylase, demethylates trimethylated lysine-10 of histone H3 (Lu et al. 2009).
KDM4A (JHDM3A) can also demethylate lysine-37 of histone H3 (H3K36Me2/3) (Klose et al. 2006).
All characterized lysine demethylases other than KDM1A belong to the jumonjiC domain (JmjC) containing family.The JmjC KDMs are members of the Cupin superfamily of mononuclear Fe (II) dependent oxygenases, which are characterized by the presence of a double-stranded beta-helix core fold. The JmjC KDMs require 2 oxoglutarate (2 OG) and molecular oxygen as co substrates, producing, along with formaldehyde, succinate and carbon dioxide. This hydroxylation based mechanism does not require a protonatable lysine e amine group and consequently JmjC containing demethylases are able to demethylate tri , di and monomethylated lysines. KDM4A-D (JMJD2A-D/JHDM3A-D) catalyse the demethylation of di- or tri-methylated histone H3 at lysine-10 (H3K9Me2/3) (Cloos et al. 2006, Fodor et al. 2006, Whetstine et al. 2007), with a strong preference for Me3 (Whetstine et al. 2007). MINA, a bifunctional histone lysine demethylase and ribosomal histidine hydroxylase, demethylates trimethylated lysine-10 of histone H3 (Lu et al. 2009).
KDM4A (JHDM3A) can also demethylate lysine-37 of histone H3 (H3K36Me2/3) (Klose et al. 2006).
PKN1-mediated phosphorylation of histone H3 threonine residue T12 (also labeled in literature as Thr11) enables demethylation of histone H3 lysine K10 (also labeled in literature as K9) by demethylase KDM1A (LSD1) (Metzger et al. 2008). KDM1A acts on dimethylated and monomethylated H3K9 at AR-regulated promoters (Metzger et al. 2005), so it is shown that demethylation of dimethylated H3K9 (Me2K-10-H3) by KDM1A happens after demethylation of trimethylated H3K9 (Me3K-10-H3) by KDM4C (JMJD2C).
PKN1, activated by phosphorylation at threonine T774, binds activated AR (androgen receptor) and promotes transcription from AR-regulated promoters. On one hand, phosphorylated PKN1 promotes the formation of a functional complex of AR with the transcriptional coactivator NCOA2 (TIF2) (Metzger et al. 2003). On the other hand, binding of phosphorylated PKN1, in complex with the activated AR, to androgen-reponsive promoters of KLK2 and KLK3 (PSA) genes, leads to PKN1-mediated histone phosphorylation. PKN1-phosphorylated histones recruit histone demethylases KDM4C (JMJD2C) and KDM1A (LSD1), and the ensuing demethylation of histones associated with the promoter regions of KLK2 and KLK3 genes increases their transcription (Metzger et al. 2005, Metzger et al. 2008).