Search results for POMC

Showing 15 results out of 27

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Protein (4 results from a total of 12)

Identifier: R-HSA-378943
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: secretory granule lumen
Primary external reference: UniProt: POMC: P01189
Identifier: R-HSA-388618
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: extracellular region
Primary external reference: UniProt: POMC: P01189
Identifier: R-HSA-388593
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: extracellular region
Primary external reference: UniProt: POMC: P01189
Identifier: R-HSA-388617
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: extracellular region
Primary external reference: UniProt: POMC: P01189

DNA Sequence (1 results from a total of 1)

Identifier: R-HSA-8948368
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: nucleoplasm
Primary external reference: ENSEMBL: ENSEMBL:ENSG00000115138

Reaction (4 results from a total of 8)

Identifier: R-HSA-265301
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: secretory granule lumen
Corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH) is a 39-amino acid polypeptide hormone produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. It is often produced in response to biological stress (along with corticotropin-releasing hormone). Its principal effects are increased production of androgens and cortisol. Corticotropin is processed from the precursor pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). The enzyme that performs the cleavage of POMC to corticotropin is prohormone convertase 1 (PC1). In addition to corticotropin, POMC is processed into other small, biologically active fragments. These include lipotropins, melanocyte-stimulating hormone and endorphins.
Identifier: R-HSA-9623072
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: nucleoplasm, extracellular region
Based on studies in mice, FOXO1 represses transcription of the POMC gene, encoding Pro-opiomelanocortin, in hypothalamic anorexigenic neurons. FOXO1-mediated repression of the POMC gene involves the recruitment of histone deacetylases and the NcoR repressor complex to the POMC gene promoter. Leptin inhibits binding of FOXO1 and promotes binding of STAT3 to the POMC gene promoter, thus stimulating POMC gene transcription. One of the cleavage products of Pro-opiomelanocortin is melanocyte-stimulating hormone alpha, which suppresses food intake (Kitamura et al. 2006, Kim et al. 2006).
Identifier: R-HSA-9623059
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: nucleoplasm
Based on studies in mice, FOXO1 binds the promoter of the POMC gene, encoding Pro-opiomelanocortin (Kitamura et al. 2006). FOXO1-mediated repression of the POMC gene is positively regulated by SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of FOXO1 (Cakir et al. 2009).
Identifier: R-HSA-388605
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: extracellular region, plasma membrane
MC2R (aka ACTH receptor) selectively binds POMC(138-176) (ACTH, corticotropin) (Gantz et al. 1993, Lee et al. 1961, Mountjoy et al. 1992). ACTH regulates adrenal cortical function via the G protein alpha-s subunit.

Complex (2 results from a total of 2)

Identifier: R-HSA-9623080
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: nucleoplasm
Identifier: R-HSA-388603
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: plasma membrane

Pathway (2 results from a total of 2)

Identifier: R-HSA-5579031
Species: Homo sapiens
The precursor peptide pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gives rise to many peptide hormones through cleavage. The cleavage products corticotropin (ACTH) and beta-lipotropin give rise to smaller peptides that have distinct biologic activities: alpha-melanotropin and corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide (CLIP) are formed from ACTH; gamma-LPH and beta-endorphin are formed from beta-LPH. ACTH (POMC(138-176) stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol, a glucocorticoid released in response to stress whose primary functions are to stimulate gluconeogenesis, suppress the immune system and aid metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates.

Defects in ACTH can cause obesity (MIM:601665) resulting in excessive accumulation of body fat (Challis et al. 2002, Millington 2013). Defects in ACTH can also cause pro-opiomelanocortinin deficiency (POMCD; MIM:609734) where affected individuals present early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair (Krude et al. 1998, Krude et al. 2003).
Identifier: R-HSA-9615017
Species: Homo sapiens
FOXO6, the least studied member of the FOXO family, directly stimulates transcription of PLXNA4 gene, encoding a co-factor for the semaphorin SEMA3A receptor. FOXO6-mediated regulation of PLXNA4 expression plays an important role in radial glia migration during cortical development (Paap et al. 2016).
FOXO-mediated up-regulation of genes involved in reduction of the oxidative stress burden is not specific to neurons, but plays an important role in neuronal survival and neurodegenerative diseases. FOXO3 and FOXO4, and possibly FOXO1, directly stimulate transcription of the SOD2 gene, encoding mitochondrial manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase, which converts superoxide to the less harmful hydrogen peroxide and oxygen (Kops et al. 2002, Hori et al. 2013, Araujo et al. 2011, Guan et al. 2016). FOXO4 stimulates SOD2 gene transcription in collaboration with ATXN3, a protein involved in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) (Araujo et al. 2011). FOXO3 and FOXO6, and possibly FOXO1, directly stimulate transcription of the CAT gene, encoding catalase, an enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen, thus protecting cells from the oxidative stress (Awad et al. 2014, Kim et al. 2014, Rangarajan et al. 2015, Song et al. 2016, Liao et al. 2016, Guo et al. 2016).
FOXO transcription factors regulate transcription of several genes whose protein products are secreted from hypothalamic neurons to control appetite and food intake: NPY gene, AGRP gene and POMC gene. At low insulin levels, characteristic of starvation, FOXO transcription factors bind to insulin responsive elements (IRES) in the regulatory regions of NPY, AGRP and POMC gene. FOXO1 directly stimulates transcription of the NPY gene, encoding neuropeptide-Y (Kim et al. 2006, Hong et al. 2012), and the AGRP gene, encoding Agouti-related protein (Kitamura et al. 2006, Kim et al. 2006), which both stimulate food intake. At the same time, FOXO1 directly represses transcription of the POMC gene, encoding melanocyte stimulating hormone alpha , which suppresses food intake (Kitamura et al. 2006, Kim et al. 2006). When, upon food intake, blood insulin levels rise, insulin-mediated activation of PI3K/AKT signaling inhibits FOXO transcriptional activity.
In liver cells, FOXO transcription factors regulate transcription of genes involved in gluconeogenesis: G6PC gene, encoding glucose-6-phosphatase and PCK1 gene, encoding phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. Actions of G6PC and PCK1 enable steady glucose blood levels during fasting. FOXO1, FOXO3 and FOXO4 directly stimulate PCK1 gene transcription (Hall et al. 2000, Yang et al. 2002, Puigserver et al. 2003), while all four FOXOs, FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4 and FOXO6 directly stimulate G6PC gene transcription (Yang et al. 2002, Puigserver et al. 2003, Onuma et al. 2006, Kim et al. 2011). FOXO-mediated induction of G6PC and PCK1 genes is negatively regulated by insulin-induced PI3K/AKT signaling.
FOXO1, FOXO3 and FOXO4 directly stimulate transcription of the IGFBP1 gene, encoding insulin growth factor binding protein 2 (Tang et al. 1999, Kops et al. 1999, Hall et al. 2000, Yang et al. 2002), which increases sensitivity of cells to insulin.
FOXO1 and FOXO3 directly stimulate transcription of the ABCA6 (ATP-binding cassette sub-family A member 6) gene, encoding a putative transporter protein that is thought to be involved in lipid homeostasis (Gai et al. 2013). The GCK (glucokinase) gene is another gene involved in lipid homeostasis that is regulated by FOXOs. FOXO1, acting with the SIN3A:HDAC complex, directly represses the GCK gene transcription, thus repressing lipogenesis in the absence of insulin (Langlet et al. 2017). The SREBF1 (SREBP1) gene, which encodes a transcriptional activator required for lipid homeostasis, is directly transcriptionally repressed by FOXO1 (Deng et al. 2012). Transcription of the RETN gene, encoding resistin, an adipocyte specific hormone that suppresses insulin-mediated uptake of glucose by adipose cells, is directly stimulated by FOXO1 (Liu et al. 2014).
Transcription of two genes encoding E3 ubiquitin ligases FBXO32 (Atrogin-1) and TRIM63 (MURF1), involved in degradation of muscle proteins and muscle wasting during starvation, is positively regulated by FOXO transcription factors (Sandri et al. 2004, Waddell et al. 2008, Raffaello et al. 2010, Senf et al. 2011, Bollinger et al. 2014, Wang et al. 2017).

Set (1 results from a total of 1)

Identifier: R-HSA-5623541
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: extracellular region

Icon (1 results from a total of 1)

Species: Homo sapiens
Curator: Bijay Jassal
Designer: Cristoffer Sevilla
ACTH icon
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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