Search results for PTEN

Showing 21 results out of 304

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Protein (3 results from a total of 123)

Identifier: R-HSA-199420
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: cytosol
Primary external reference: UniProt: PTEN: P60484
Identifier: R-HSA-6807273
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: nucleoplasm
Primary external reference: UniProt: PTEN: P60484
Identifier: R-HSA-2318524
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: cytosol
Primary external reference: UniProt: PTEN: P60484
PTEN missense mutation that results in the substitution of histidine at position 93 with arginine affects the conserved WPD loop of the phosphatase domain of PTEN. PTEN H93R (His93Arg) mutant shows markedly decreased phosphoinositide phosphatase activity (Redfern et al. 2010). PTEN H93R substituion is implicated in autism spectrum disorders (Butler et al. 2005).

Interactor (1 results from a total of 1)

Identifier: P60484-1
Species: Homo sapiens
Primary external reference: UniProt: P60484-1

Pathway (3 results from a total of 22)

Identifier: R-HSA-6807070
Species: Homo sapiens
PTEN is regulated at the level of gene transcription, mRNA translation, localization and protein stability.

Transcription of the PTEN gene is regulated at multiple levels. Epigenetic repression involves the recruitment of Mi-2/NuRD upon SALL4 binding to the PTEN promoter (Yang et al. 2008, Lu et al. 2009) or EVI1-mediated recruitment of the polycomb repressor complex (PRC) to the PTEN promoter (Song et al. 2009, Yoshimi et al. 2011). Transcriptional regulation is also elicited by negative regulators, including NR2E1:ATN1 (atrophin-1) complex, JUN (c-Jun), SNAIL and SLUG (Zhang et al. 2006, Vasudevan et al. 2007, Escriva et al. 2008, Uygur et al. 2015) and positive regulators such as TP53 (p53), MAF1, ATF2, EGR1 or PPARG (Stambolic et al. 2001, Virolle et al. 2001, Patel et al. 2001, Shen et al. 2006, Li et al. 2016).

MicroRNAs miR-26A1, miR-26A2, miR-22, miR-25, miR-302, miR-214, miR-17-5p, miR-19 and miR-205 bind PTEN mRNA and inhibit its translation into protein. These microRNAs are altered in cancer and can account for changes in PTEN levels (Meng et al. 2007, Xiao et al. 2008, Yang et al. 2008, Huse et al. 2009, Kim et al. 2010, Poliseno, Salmena, Riccardi et al. 2010, Cai et al. 2013). In addition, coding and non-coding RNAs can prevent microRNAs from binding to PTEN mRNA. These RNAs are termed competing endogenous RNAs or ceRNAs. Transcripts of the pseudogene PTENP1 and mRNAs transcribed from SERINC1, VAPA and CNOT6L genes exhibit this activity (Poliseno, Salmena, Zhang et al. 2010, Tay et al. 2011, Tay et al. 2014).

PTEN can translocate from the cytosol to the nucleus after undergoing monoubiquitination. PTEN's ability to localize to the nucleus contributes to its tumor suppressive role (Trotman et al. 2007). The ubiquitin protease USP7 (HAUSP) targets monoubiquitinated PTEN in the nucleus, resulting in PTEN deubiquitination and nuclear exclusion. PML, via an unknown mechanism that involves USP7- and PML-interacting protein DAXX, inhibits USP7-mediated deubiquitination of PTEN, thus promoting PTEN nuclear localization. Disruption of PML function in acute promyelocytic leukemia, through a chromosomal translocation that results in expression of a fusion protein PML-RARA, leads to aberrant PTEN localization (Song et al. 2008).

Several ubiquitin ligases, including NEDD4, WWP2, STUB1 (CHIP), RNF146, XIAP and MKRN1, polyubiquitinate PTEN and target it for proteasome-mediated degradation (Wang et al. 2007, Van Themsche et al. 2009, Ahmed et al. 2011, Maddika et al. 2011, Lee et al. 2015, Li et al. 2015). The ubiquitin proteases USP13 and OTUD3, frequently down-regulated in breast cancer, remove polyubiquitin chains from PTEN, thus preventing its degradation and increasing its half-life (Zhang et al. 2013, Yuan et al. 2015). The catalytic activity of PTEN is negatively regulated by PREX2 binding (Fine et al. 2009, Hodakoski et al. 2014) and TRIM27-mediated ubiquitination (Lee et al. 2013), most likely through altered PTEN conformation.

In addition to ubiquitination, PTEN also undergoes SUMOylation (Gonzalez-Santamaria et al. 2012, Da Silva Ferrada et al. 2013, Lang et al. 2015, Leslie et al. 2016). SUMOylation of the C2 domain of PTEN may regulate PTEN association with the plasma membrane (Shenoy et al. 2012) as well as nuclear localization of PTEN (Bassi et al. 2013, Collaud et al. 2016). PIASx-alpha, a splicing isorom of E3 SUMO-protein ligase PIAS2 has been implicated in PTEN SUMOylation (Wang et al. 2014). SUMOylation of PTEN may be regulated by activated AKT (Lin et al. 2016). Reactions describing PTEN SUMOylation will be annotated when mechanistic details become available.

Phosphorylation affects the stability and activity of PTEN. FRK tyrosine kinase (RAK) phosphorylates PTEN on tyrosine residue Y336, which increases PTEN half-life by inhibiting NEDD4-mediated polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of PTEN. FRK-mediated phosphorylation also increases PTEN enzymatic activity (Yim et al. 2009). Casein kinase II (CK2) constitutively phosphorylates the C-terminal tail of PTEN on serine and threonine residues S370, S380, T382, T383 and S385. CK2-mediated phosphorylation increases PTEN protein stability (Torres and Pulido 2001) but results in ~30% reduction in PTEN lipid phosphatase activity (Miller et al. 2002).

PTEN localization and activity are affected by acetylation of its lysine residues (Okumura et al. 2006, Ikenoue et al. 2008, Meng et al. 2016). PTEN can undergo oxidation, which affects its function, but the mechanism is poorly understood (Tan et al. 2015, Shen et al. 2015, Verrastro et al. 2016).

Identifier: R-HSA-8948747
Species: Homo sapiens
When monoubiquitinated by E3 ubiquitin ligases XIAP and NEDD4, PTEN translocates from the cytosol to the nucleus (Trotman et al. 2007, Van Themsche et al. 2009). USP7 (HAUSP)-mediated deubiquitination of monoubiquitinated nuclear PTEN promotes relocalization of PTEN to the cytosol (Song et al. 2008).
Identifier: R-HSA-8948751
Species: Homo sapiens
PTEN protein stability is regulated by ubiquitin ligases, such as NEDD4, WWP2, STUB1 (CHIP), XIAP, MKRN1 and RNF146, which polyubiquitinate PTEN in response to different stimuli and thus target it for proteasome-mediated degradation (Wang et al. 2007, Van Themsche et al. 2009, Maddika et al. 2011, Ahmed et al. 2012, Lee et al. 2015, Li et al. 2015). Several ubiquitin proteases, such as USP13 and OTUD3, can remove polyubiquitin chains from PTEN and rescue it from degradation (Zhang et al. 2013, Yuan et al. 2015). TRIM27 (RFP) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that polyubiquitinates PTEN on multiple lysines in the C2 domain of PTEN using K27 linkage between ubiquitin molecules. TRIM27 mediated ubiquitination inhibits PTEN lipid phosphatase activity, but does not affect PTEN protein localization or stability (Lee et al. 2013).
PTEN phosphorylation by the tyrosine kinase FRK (RAK) inhibits NEDD4 mediated polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of PTEN, thus increasing PTEN half life. FRK mediated phosphorylation also increases PTEN enzymatic activity (Yim et al. 2009). Casein kinase 2 (CK2) mediated phosphorylation of the C-terminus of PTEN on multiple serine and threonine residues increases PTEN protein stability (Torres and Pulido 2001) but results in ~30% reduction in PTEN lipid phosphatase activity (Miller et al. 2002).
PREX2, a RAC1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) can binds to PTEN and inhibit its catalytic activity (Fine et al. 2009).

RNA Sequence (2 results from a total of 2)

Identifier: R-HSA-2318746
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: cytosol
Primary external reference: ENSEMBL: ENSEMBL:ENST00000371953
Identifier: R-HSA-8945698
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: cytosol
Primary external reference: ENSEMBL: ENSEMBL:ENST00000532280

DNA Sequence (1 results from a total of 1)

Identifier: R-HSA-5632949
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: nucleoplasm
Primary external reference: ENSEMBL: ENSEMBL:ENSG00000171862

Set (3 results from a total of 8)

Identifier: R-HSA-2317393
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: cytosol
Identifier: R-HSA-2318581
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: cytosol
Identifier: R-HSA-2317372
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: cytosol

Reaction (3 results from a total of 104)

Identifier: R-HSA-199456
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: cytosol, plasma membrane
At the plasma membrane, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase aka phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) dephosphorylates phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) (Maehama & Dixon 1998, Myers et al. 1998, Das et al. 2003). The PI3K network is negatively regulated by phospholipid phosphatases that dephosphorylate PIP3, thus hampering AKT activation (Myers et al. 1998). The tumour suppressor PTEN is the primary phospholipid phosphatase.
Early studies indicated that magnesium ion, Mg2+, was needed for the catalytic activity of PTEN isolated from bovine thymus (Kabuyama et al. 1996). Subsequent studies have shown that PTEN was catalytically active in buffers free of magnesium and magnesium was not detected as part of the PTEN crystal (Lee et al. 1999).
Identifier: R-HSA-6807106
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: cytosol
When present at low levels in the cell, the E3 ubiquitin ligase XIAP monoubiquitinates PTEN (Van Themsche et al. 2009). NEDD4 (NEDD4-1) can also monoubiquitinate PTEN (Trotman et al. 2007). Monoubiquitination of PTEN on at least lysine residues K13 and K289 causes translocation of PTEN from the cytosol to the nucleus (Trotman et al. 2007, Van Themsche et al. 2009).
Identifier: R-HSA-8873946
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: cytosol
OTUD3 de-polyubiquitylates and stabilizes PTEN, effectively removing Lys 48-linked polyubiquitylation, but not monoubiquitylation nor the non-degradative Lys 63-linked polyubiquitylation of PTEN. In vitro OTUD3 efficiently removed the Lys 6, Lys 11, Lys 27 and Lys 48 types of ubiquitin chain on PTEN (Yuan et al. 2015).

Complex (3 results from a total of 41)

Identifier: R-HSA-2318750
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: cytosol
Identifier: R-HSA-9615784
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: cytosol
Identifier: R-HSA-8850934
Species: Homo sapiens
Compartment: cytosol

Drug (1 results from a total of 1)

Identifier: R-ALL-2038919
Compartment: cytosol
Primary external reference: Guide to Pharmacology: PD173074: 5037
PD173074 is potent pan-FGFR reversible inhibitor that interacts with residues in the ATP-binding pocket and inhibits tyrosine kinase activity and autophosphorylation (Mohammadi, 1998; Ezzat, 2005). PD173074 is not suitable for therapeutic use due to issues with toxicity.

Icon (1 results from a total of 1)

Species: Homo sapiens
Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 3-phosphatase and dual-specificity protein phosphatase PTEN
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