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About
What is Reactome ?
News
Team
Scientific Advisory Board
Editorial Calendar
Release Calendar
Statistics
Our Logo
License Agreement
Privacy Notice
Disclaimer
Content
Table of Contents
DOIs
Data Schema
Reactome Research Spotlight
ORCID Integration Project
COVID-19 Disease Pathways
Docs
Userguide
Pathway Browser
How do I search ?
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Analysis Tools
Analysis Data
Analysis Gene Expression
Species Comparison
Tissue Distribution
Diseases
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Go!
H+ [cytosol]
Stable Identifier
R-ALL-70106
Type
Chemical Compound [SimpleEntity]
Compartment
cytosol
Synonyms
proton, hydron
Icon
Locations in the PathwayBrowser
for Species:
Homo sapiens
Bos taurus
Caenorhabditis elegans
Canis familiaris
Danio rerio
Dictyostelium discoideum
Drosophila melanogaster
Gallus gallus
Mus musculus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Plasmodium falciparum
Rattus norvegicus
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Sus scrofa
Xenopus tropicalis
Expand all
Cellular responses to stimuli (Bos taurus)
Cellular responses to stress (Bos taurus)
Cellular response to chemical stress (Bos taurus)
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Bos taurus)
NOX2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX4, NOX5 reduce O2 to O2.- (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (cytosol) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway (Bos taurus)
Nuclear events mediated by NFE2L2 (Bos taurus)
NFE2L2 regulating anti-oxidant/detoxification enzymes (Bos taurus)
SRXN1 reduces hyperoxidized PRDX1 dimer (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Drug ADME (Bos taurus)
Abacavir ADME (Bos taurus)
Abacavir metabolism (Bos taurus)
abacavir + 2 NAD+ => abacavir 5'-carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Atorvastatin ADME (Bos taurus)
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 2-OH-ATV (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 4-OH-ATV (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 2-OH-ATVL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 4-OH-ATVL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PON1,3 hydrolyse ATVL to ATV (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes 2-OH-ATV to 2-OH-ATVL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes 4-OH-ATV to 4-OH-ATVL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT1A3 lactonizes ATV to ATVL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Azathioprine ADME (Bos taurus)
GMPS dimer transforms 6TXMP to 6TGMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6MP, forming 6MeMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6TIMP, forming 6MeTIMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH oxidises 6MP to 6TU (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ciprofloxacin ADME (Bos taurus)
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Paracetamol ADME (Bos taurus)
CYP2E1 monooxygenates APAP to NAPQI (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Prednisone ADME (Bos taurus)
AKR1C1 hydrogenates PREDN,PREDL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 oxidizes PREDN,PREDL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B1 hydrogenates PREDN to PREDL in hepatic cell (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2 dehydrogenates PREDL to PREDN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT2B7,2B17,1A3 glucuronidates PRED metabolites (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Gene expression (Transcription) (Bos taurus)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription (Bos taurus)
Generic Transcription Pathway (Bos taurus)
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 (Bos taurus)
TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes (Bos taurus)
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Death Genes (Bos taurus)
TP53 regulates transcription of several additional cell death genes whose specific roles in p53-dependent apoptosis remain uncertain (Bos taurus)
TP53I3 oxidoreductase generates unstable semiquinones (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemostasis (Bos taurus)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation (Bos taurus)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Bos taurus)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Bos taurus)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (Bos taurus)
Platelet degranulation (Bos taurus)
ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Platelet homeostasis (Bos taurus)
Platelet calcium homeostasis (Bos taurus)
Reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels (Bos taurus)
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Immune System (Bos taurus)
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Bos taurus)
Interferon Signaling (Bos taurus)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Bos taurus)
OAS antiviral response (Bos taurus)
PDE12 cleaves 2'-5' oligoadenylates (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Innate Immune System (Bos taurus)
Antimicrobial peptides (Bos taurus)
Ion influx/efflux at host-pathogen interface (Bos taurus)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ROS and RNS production in phagocytes (Bos taurus)
HV1-mediated H+ transfer (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX2 generates superoxide anion from oxygen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism (Bos taurus)
Biological oxidations (Bos taurus)
Aflatoxin activation and detoxification (Bos taurus)
AKR dimers reduce AFBDHO to AFBDOH (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFM1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2, 3A4 oxidise AFB1 to AFNBO (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2,3A4,3A5,2A13 oxidise AFB1 to AFXBO (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2A13 oxidises AFM1 to AFM1E (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4,5 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFQ1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Bos taurus)
ALD3A1 oxidises 4HPCP to CXPA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type (Bos taurus)
Eicosanoids (Bos taurus)
CYP4F22 20-hydroxylates TrXA3 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Endogenous sterols (Bos taurus)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1B1 4-hydroxylates EST17b (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP39A1 7-hydroxylates 24OH-CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7A1 7-hydroxylates CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7B1 7-hydroxylates 25OH-CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamins (Bos taurus)
CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP27B1 hydroxylates 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ethanol oxidation (Bos taurus)
ADH5 oxidises S-HMGSH to S-FGSH (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [cytosolic] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ethanol + NAD+ => acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Bos taurus)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Bos taurus)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Bos taurus)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Bos taurus)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Bos taurus)
UDP-glucose is oxidised to UDP-glucuronate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Methylation (Bos taurus)
TPMT transfers CH3 from AdoMet to 6MP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Inositol phosphate metabolism (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol (Bos taurus)
MIOX oxidises Ins to GlcA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Bos taurus)
Aspartate and asparagine metabolism (Bos taurus)
SLC25A12,13 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for mitochondrial matrix L-Asp (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine synthesis (Bos taurus)
ALDH9A1 tetramer dehydrogenates TEABL to form TEABT (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Creatine metabolism (Bos taurus)
guanidinoacetate + S-adenosylmethionine => creatine + S-adenosylhomocysteine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate and glutamine metabolism (Bos taurus)
PYCRL decamer reduces (S)-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-Pro (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine catabolism (Bos taurus)
4-imidazolone-5-propionate + H2O => N-formiminoglutamate + 2H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amine-derived hormones (Bos taurus)
Catecholamine biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Noradrenaline is converted to adrenaline (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Methylation of N-acetyl-5-HT to form melatonin (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Thyroxine biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Regulation of thyroid hormone activity (Bos taurus)
Thyroxine is deiodinated to reverse triiodothyronine (RT3) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Thyroxine is deiodinated to triiodothyronine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism (Bos taurus)
Phenylalanine metabolism (Bos taurus)
q-dihydrobiopterin + NADH + H+ => tetrahydrobiopterin + NAD+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
Metabolism of ingested MeSeO2H into MeSeH (Bos taurus)
MeSeO2H is reduced to MeSeOH by TXNRD1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MeSeOH is reduced to MeSeH by TXNRD1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Serine biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
PHGDH tetramer dehydrogenates 3PG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
BHMT2 tetramer transfers CH3 group from SMM to LHCYS (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine (Bos taurus)
ADO oxidises 2AET to HTAU (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
FMO1:FAD oxidizes HTAU to TAU (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Methionine salvage pathway (Bos taurus)
Acireductone is created (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Tryptophan catabolism (Bos taurus)
kynurenine + O2 + NADPH + H+ => 3-hydroxykynurenine + NADP+ + H2O (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Bos taurus)
Formation of xylulose-5-phosphate (Bos taurus)
AKR1A1 reduces D-glucuronate to L-gulonate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CRYL1 dimer dehydrogenates L-gulonate to 3-dehydro-L-gulonate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DCXR tetramer reduces L-xylulose to xylitol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD tetramer oxidizes xylitol to D-xylulose (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose metabolism (Bos taurus)
Fructose biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
AKR1B1 reduces Glc to D-sorbitol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD oxidizes D-sorbitol to Fru (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose catabolism (Bos taurus)
ALDH1A1 oxidises GA to DGA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
GLYCTK phosphorylates DGA to 3PDGA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
KHK dimer phosphorylates Fru to Fru 1-P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucose metabolism (Bos taurus)
Gluconeogenesis (Bos taurus)
GAPDH tetramers reduce 1,3BPG to GA3P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MDH1 oxidizes MAL to OA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for mitochondrial matrix L-Asp (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycolysis (Bos taurus)
D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + orthophosphate + NAD+ <=> 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1,2,3,GCK,HKDC1 phosphorylate Glc to form G6P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PGM2L1:Mg2+ phosphorylates G6P to G1,6BP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP => pyruvate + ATP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Bos taurus)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Bos taurus)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pentose phosphate pathway (Bos taurus)
6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ => D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SHPK phosphorylates Sedo to Sedo7P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Bos taurus)
Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) (Bos taurus)
Biosynthesis of DHA-derived SPMs (Bos taurus)
Biosynthesis of maresins (Bos taurus)
Biosynthesis of maresin-like SPMs (Bos taurus)
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(R)-HDHA to 14(R),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(R),21(S)-diHDHA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2E1 oxidises 14(S)-HDHA to 14(S),21(R)-diHDHA and 14(S),21(S)-diHDHA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYPs hydroxylate DHA to 14(R)-HDHA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
EPHX2 dimer hydrolyses 13(S),14(S)-epoxy-DHA to MaR2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Biosynthesis of protectins (Bos taurus)
CYP1, CYP2 hydroxylate (N)PD1 to 22-OH-(N)PD1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Lipoxins (LX) (Bos taurus)
LXA4 is oxidised to 15k-LXA4 by HPGD (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
Arachidonic acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of 15-eicosatetraenoic acid derivatives (Bos taurus)
Arachidonic acid is oxidised to 15R-HETE by Acetyl-PTGS2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX) (Bos taurus)
PGD2 is reduced to 11-epi-PGF2a by AKRIC3 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PGE2 is converted to PGF2a by CBR1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PGH2 is reduced to PGF2a by AKR1C3 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of epoxy (EET) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHET) (Bos taurus)
Arachidonic acid is epoxidated to 5,6-EET by CYP(4) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Arachidonic acid is epoxidated to 8,9/11,12/14,15-EET by CYP(5) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
SCD desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SCD5 desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Bos taurus)
HSD17B3,12 hydrogenates 3OOD-CoA to 3HODC-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
TECR,TECRL dehydrogenate TOD-CoA to ST-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
acetyl-CoA + 7 malonyl-CoA + 14 NADHP + 14 H+ => palmitate + 7 CO2 + 14 NADP+ + 8 CoASH + 6 H2O (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Ketone body metabolism (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of Ketone Bodies (Bos taurus)
BDH2 dehydrogenates 3HBA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Bos taurus)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Bos taurus)
CYP7B1 7-hydroxylates 25OH-CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Bos taurus)
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP39A1 7-hydroxylates 24OH-CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,24(S)-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol (Bos taurus)
27-hydroxycholesterol is 7alpha-hydroxylated (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholest-5-ene-3beta,7alpha,27-triol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Bos taurus)
4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
7alpha-hydroxycholesterol is oxidized and isomerized to 4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7A1 7-hydroxylates CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),14,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to 4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol [TM7SF2] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4,4-dimethylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (zymosterone) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methyl,4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is decarboxylated and oxidized to form 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one is reduced to 4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
4-methylcholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol is oxidized to 4-carboxycholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via desmosterol (Bos taurus)
Cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to desmosterol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesta-7,24-dien-3beta-ol is desaturated to form cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via lathosterol (Bos taurus)
DHCR24 reduces ZYMOL to ZYMSTNL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR7 reduces 7-dehydroCHOL to CHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SC5D desaturates LTHSOL to 7-dehydroCHOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR24 reduces LAN to 24,25-dhLAN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCR dimer reduces bHMG-CoA to MVA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCS1 condenses Ac-CoA and ACA-CoA to form bHMG-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of presqualene diphosphate to form squalene (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Squalene is oxidized to its epoxide (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Zymosterone (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3-one) is reduced to zymosterol (cholesta-8(9),24-dien-3beta-ol) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroid hormones (Bos taurus)
Androgen biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates P4 to 17aHPROG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPREG to DHA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 cleaves 17aHPROG to ANDST (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B3-like proteins reducde ANDST to TEST (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD2B1 dimer, HSD3B2 dimer isomerise DHA to ANDST (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A1 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A2 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A3 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Estrogen biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP19A1 hydroxylates TEST to EST17b (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B1 hydrogenates E1 to EST17b (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B11 dehydrogenates EST17b to E1 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B14 tetramer oxidises estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B2 oxidises estradiol (E2) to estrone (E1) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucocorticoid biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
17-Hydroxypregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione-17-ol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP17A1 17-hydroxylates PREG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP21A2 oxidises 17HPROG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2,HSD11B1 dimer oxidise CORT to COR (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Mineralocorticoid biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone is dehydrogenated to form pregn-5-ene-3,20-dione (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Reduction of isocaproaldehyde to 4-methylpentan-1-ol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism (Bos taurus)
CYP24A1 hydroxylates 1,25(OH)2D, inactivating it (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP27B1 hydroxylates 25(OH)D to 1,25(OH)2D (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Bos taurus)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of PA (Bos taurus)
DHAP is converted to G3P by GPD1/GPD1L (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid metabolism (Bos taurus)
ALDH3A2-1 oxidises HD2NAL to PALM (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B1 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B2 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosphingolipid metabolism (Bos taurus)
Glycosphingolipid catabolism (Bos taurus)
ENPP7 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD2 and 3 hydrolyze sphingomyelin (plasma membrane) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD4 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (ER membrane) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
3-ketosphinganine + NADPH + H+ => sphinganine + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
dihydroceramide + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 => ceramide + NAD(P)+ + H2O (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
dihydroceramide + NADPH + H+ + O2 => phytoceramide + NADP+ + H2O (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax and plasmalogen biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Plasmalogen biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
DHRS7B reduces GO3P to HXDG3P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
FAR1 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
FAR2 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation (Bos taurus)
eNOS activation (Bos taurus)
CYGB dioxygenates NO (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to BH2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Uncoupled eNOS favours the formation of superoxide (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Bos taurus)
Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Bos taurus)
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS2] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
dCMP + H2O => dUMP + NH4+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine + ATP => GAR + ADP + Pi (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
AIR + CO2 => CAIR (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CAIR + Aspartate + ATP => SAICAR + ADP + Pi (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAM + ATP => AIR + ADP + Pi (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => FGAM + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
GAR + 10-Formyl-THF => FGAR + THF (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + H2O + NAD+ => XMP + NADH + H+ [IMPDH1,2] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
CAD hexamer dehydrates N-carb-L-Asp to (S)-DHO (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms CAP to N-carb-L-Asp (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms L-Gln to CAP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
UMPS dimer decarboxylates OMP to UMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide catabolism (Bos taurus)
Purine catabolism (Bos taurus)
Guanine + H2O => Xanthine + NH4+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Bos taurus)
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-ATP to 2-oxo-AMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 2-oxo-dATP to 2-oxo-dAMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dATP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-ATP to N6-methyl-AMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dATP to N6-methyl-dAMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT1 hydrolyzes O6-methyl-dGTP to O6-methyl-dGMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT15 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGTP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-GDP to 8-oxo-GMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dADP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates hypoxanthine to form xanthine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates xanthine to form urate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine catabolism (Bos taurus)
5,6-dihydrothymine + H2O => beta-ureidoisobutyrate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O => beta-ureidopropionate (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidoisobutyrate + H2O => 3-aminoisobutyrate + NH4+ + CO2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidopropionate + H2O => beta-alanine + NH4+ + CO2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
thymine + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrothymine + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
uracil + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Bos taurus)
Purine salvage (Bos taurus)
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-AMP to IMP and methylamine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dAMP to dIMP and methylamine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
GMP + NADPH + H+ => IMP + NADP+ + NH4+ (GMPR,GMPR2) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of porphyrins (Bos taurus)
Heme biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
ALAD condenses 2 dALAs to form PBG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Bos taurus)
Metabolism of cofactors (Bos taurus)
NADPH regeneration (Bos taurus)
isocitrate + NADP+ => 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis, recycling, salvage and regulation (Bos taurus)
Salvage - Sepiapterin is reduced to BH2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (Bos taurus)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Bos taurus)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Bos taurus)
Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport and metabolism (Bos taurus)
Cobalamin (Cbl) metabolism (Bos taurus)
Cob(I)alamin bound to MMACHC is oxidized to cob(II)alamin (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC dealkylates RCbl (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC decyanates CNCbl (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTRR reduces cob(II)alamin to meCbl (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of folate and pterines (Bos taurus)
5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate + NADP+ <=> 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + NADPH + H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH1L1 dehydrogenates 10-formyl-THFPG to THFPG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHF is reduced to tetrahydrofolate (THF) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR dimer reduces FOLA to DHF (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR2 reduces FOLA to DHF (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFD1 dimer dehydrogenates 5,10-methenyl-THFPG to 5,10-methylene-THFPG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFR dimer reduces 5,10-methylene-THFPG to 5-methyl-THFPG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFS transforms 5-formyl-THFPG to 5,10-methenyl-THFPG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Bos taurus)
NMRK1 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK1 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NAR to yield NAMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NMRK2 phosphorylates NR to yield NMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinamide salvaging (Bos taurus)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
QPRT transfers PRIB to QUIN to form NAMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Bos taurus)
2xENPP1 hydrolyzes FAD to FMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RFK:Mg2+ phosphorylates RIB (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Bos taurus)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
3xPPCDC:3FMN decarboxylates PPC (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY phosphorylates DP-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DCAKD phosphorylates DP-CoA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK1/3 phosphorylate PanK (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
PANK2 phosphorylates PanK (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin C (ascorbate) metabolism (Bos taurus)
CYB5R3:FAD reduces CYB5A:ferriheme to CYB5A:heme (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (Bos taurus)
Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (cytosol) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (cytosol) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
The citric acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory electron transport (Bos taurus)
Pyruvate metabolism and Citric Acid (TCA) cycle (Bos taurus)
Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Bos taurus)
NADPH + NAD+ + H+ [cytosol] => NADP+ + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial matrix] (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyruvate metabolism (Bos taurus)
LDH tetramer oxidises LACT to PYR (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer reduces PYR to LACT (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1:Mg2+ tetramer oxidatively decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Bos taurus)
Post-translational protein modification (Bos taurus)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Bos taurus)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Bos taurus)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Bos taurus)
TSTA3 dimer reduces GDP-KDGal to GDP-Fuc (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sialic acid metabolism (Bos taurus)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Bos taurus)
NAGK dimer phosphorylates GlcNAc, GlcNGc to GlcNAc-6-P, GlcNGc-6-P (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation (Bos taurus)
Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine (Bos taurus)
DHPS tetramer synthesizes Dhp-K50-EIF5A from EIF5A and spermidine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DHPS tetramer synthesizes EIF5A and spermidine from Dhp-K50-EIF5A (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
DOHH:Fe2+ hydroxylates Dhp-K50-EIF5A to form Hyp-K50-EIF5A (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Post-translational modification: synthesis of GPI-anchored proteins (Bos taurus)
Synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) (Bos taurus)
phosphatidylinositol + UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine -> N-acetylglucosaminyl-PI + UDP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Muscle contraction (Bos taurus)
Cardiac conduction (Bos taurus)
Ion homeostasis (Bos taurus)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Bos taurus)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Bos taurus)
Neurotransmitter release cycle (Bos taurus)
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Bos taurus)
Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicles (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Bos taurus)
GABA synthesis (Bos taurus)
PXLP-K405-GAD1 decarboxylates L-Glu to form GABA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GABA by GAD2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Bos taurus)
SLC1A1-3,6,7 exchange L-Glu, H+ and 3Na+ for K+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sensory Perception (Bos taurus)
Visual phototransduction (Bos taurus)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Bos taurus)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision) (Bos taurus)
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH12 reduces atRAL to atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5 oxidises 11cROL to 11cRAL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RPE65 isomero-hydrolyses atREs to 11cROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
The retinoid cycle in cones (daylight vision) (Bos taurus)
atRAL is reduced to atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Bos taurus)
Signaling by GPCR (Bos taurus)
GPCR downstream signalling (Bos taurus)
G alpha (q) signalling events (Bos taurus)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Bos taurus)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Bos taurus)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (Bos taurus)
Signaling by Retinoic Acid (Bos taurus)
RA biosynthesis pathway (Bos taurus)
ADH1A,1C,4 oxidise atROL to atRAL in vitro (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
AKR1C3 reduces atRAL to atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH8A1 oxidises 9cRAL to 9cRA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDHs oxidise atRAL to atRA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP26A1,B1,C1 4-hydroxylate atRA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP26C1 4-hydroxylates 9cRA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,16,DHRS9,RDHE2 oxidise atROL to atRAL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11,14,DHRS3,DRHS4 reduce atRAL to atROL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5,RDH11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (Bos taurus)
Signaling by Insulin receptor (Bos taurus)
Insulin receptor recycling (Bos taurus)
Endosome acidification (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by VEGF (Bos taurus)
VEGFA-VEGFR2 Pathway (Bos taurus)
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Rho GTPases, Miro GTPases and RHOBTB3 (Bos taurus)
Signaling by Rho GTPases (Bos taurus)
RHO GTPase Effectors (Bos taurus)
RHO GTPases Activate NADPH Oxidases (Bos taurus)
NADPH oxidase 2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX1 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX3 complex:RAC1:GTP generates superoxide from oxygen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Production of phagocyte oxygen radicals by NOX2 complex bound to RAC2:GTP (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Bos taurus)
Ion channel transport (Bos taurus)
Ion transport by P-type ATPases (Bos taurus)
ATP12A:ATP4B exchanges K+ for H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP4A:ATP4B exchanges K+ for H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Stimuli-sensing channels (Bos taurus)
CLCN4/5/6 exchange Cl- for H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CLCN7:OSTM1 exchanges Cl- for H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9B1/C2 exchange Na+ for H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Iron uptake and transport (Bos taurus)
Ferritin Complex oxidises 4Fe2+ to Fe(3+)O(OH) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Transferrin endocytosis and recycling (Bos taurus)
Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Bos taurus)
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes (Bos taurus)
Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen (Bos taurus)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ hydrate CO2 to HCO3- (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CYB5Rs reduce MetHb to HbA (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemoglobin A is protonated and carbamated causing release of oxygen (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide (Bos taurus)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ dehydrate HCO3- to CO2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemoglobin A binds O2, releasing H+ and CO2 (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport (Bos taurus)
Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds (Bos taurus)
Inositol transporters (Bos taurus)
HMIT co-transports myo-inositol with a proton (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
MATEs mediate extrusion of xenobiotics (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Metal ion SLC transporters (Bos taurus)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic cation/anion/zwitterion transport (Bos taurus)
Organic cation transport (Bos taurus)
SLC22A18 exchanges extracellular organic cations for cytosolic H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled monocarboxylate transport (Bos taurus)
SLC16A3,7,8 cotransport monocarboxylates, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport. (Bos taurus)
RhBG mediates ammonium effflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RhBG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium efflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides (Bos taurus)
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane (Bos taurus)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC38A3-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and alanine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC38A5-mediated uptake of glutamine, histidine, asparagine, and serine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Bicarbonate transporters (Bos taurus)
Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger transport (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Multifunctional anion exchangers (Bos taurus)
SLC26A1,2 cotransport SO4(2-), H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic anion transporters (Bos taurus)
SLC17A5 cotransports Neu5Ac, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC17A6,7,8 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+ (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,A22 cotransport Glu, H+ from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (Bos taurus)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton/oligopeptide cotransporters (Bos taurus)
Proton-coupled di- and tri-peptide cotransport (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled histidine and di-peptide cotransport (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC1A1,2,3,6,7 cotransport L-Glu,L-Asp,D-Asp,H+,3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Sodium/Proton exchangers (Bos taurus)
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at cell membrane) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at trans-golgi membrane) (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A6,7 exchange Na+ for H+ across the early endosome membrane (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A9 exchanges Na+ for H+ across the late endosome membrane (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transport (Bos taurus)
H+ [cytosol]
Cellular responses to stimuli (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cellular responses to stress (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cellular response to chemical stress (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (cytosol) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Drug ADME (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Abacavir ADME (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Abacavir metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
abacavir + 2 NAD+ => abacavir 5'-carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Atorvastatin ADME (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PON1,3 hydrolyse ATVL to ATV (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Azathioprine ADME (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GMPS dimer transforms 6TXMP to 6TGMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH oxidises 6MP to 6TU (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Ciprofloxacin ADME (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Prednisone ADME (Caenorhabditis elegans)
AKR1C1 hydrogenates PREDN,PREDL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT2B7,2B17,1A3 glucuronidates PRED metabolites (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Gene expression (Transcription) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Generic Transcription Pathway (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes (Caenorhabditis elegans)
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemostasis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Platelet degranulation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Platelet homeostasis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Platelet calcium homeostasis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Immune System (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Innate Immune System (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Antimicrobial peptides (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Ion influx/efflux at host-pathogen interface (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ROS and RNS production in phagocytes (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Biological oxidations (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ALD3A1 oxidises 4HPCP to CXPA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Endogenous sterols (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamins (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Ethanol oxidation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ADH5 oxidises S-HMGSH to S-FGSH (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
acetaldehyde + NAD+ => acetate + NADH + H+ [cytosolic] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ethanol + NAD+ => acetaldehyde + NADH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MARC1,MARC2 reduce N-hydroxylated compounds (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase II - Conjugation of compounds (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cytosolic sulfonation of small molecules (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucuronidation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Formation of the active cofactor, UDP-glucuronate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
UDP-glucose is oxidised to UDP-glucuronate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Inositol phosphate metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of IP2, IP, and Ins in the cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
MIOX oxidises Ins to GlcA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Aspartate and asparagine metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC25A12,13 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for mitochondrial matrix L-Asp (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Carnitine synthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ALDH9A1 tetramer dehydrogenates TEABL to form TEABT (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Histidine catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
4-imidazolone-5-propionate + H2O => N-formiminoglutamate + 2H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of amine-derived hormones (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Catecholamine biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Noradrenaline is converted to adrenaline (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Phenylalanine metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
q-dihydrobiopterin + NADH + H+ => tetrahydrobiopterin + NAD+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenoamino acid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Metabolism of ingested MeSeO2H into MeSeH (Caenorhabditis elegans)
MeSeO2H is reduced to MeSeOH by TXNRD1 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MeSeOH is reduced to MeSeH by TXNRD1 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Selenocysteine synthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SEPHS2 phosphorylates H2Se to form SELP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Serine biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PHGDH tetramer dehydrogenates 3PG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Sulfur amino acid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Degradation of cysteine and homocysteine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ADO oxidises 2AET to HTAU (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
FMO1:FAD oxidizes HTAU to TAU (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Methionine salvage pathway (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Acireductone is created (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Tryptophan catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
kynurenine + O2 + NADPH + H+ => 3-hydroxykynurenine + NADP+ + H2O (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of carbohydrates (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Formation of xylulose-5-phosphate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CRYL1 dimer dehydrogenates L-gulonate to 3-dehydro-L-gulonate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DCXR tetramer reduces L-xylulose to xylitol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD tetramer oxidizes xylitol to D-xylulose (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Fructose biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
AKR1B1 reduces Glc to D-sorbitol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SORD oxidizes D-sorbitol to Fru (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Fructose catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ALDH1A1 oxidises GA to DGA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
GLYCTK phosphorylates DGA to 3PDGA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Glucose metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Gluconeogenesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GAPDH tetramers reduce 1,3BPG to GA3P (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MDH1 oxidizes MAL to OA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A12,13 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for mitochondrial matrix L-Asp (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycolysis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
D-fructose 6-phosphate + ATP => D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + orthophosphate + NAD+ <=> 1,3-bisphospho-D-glycerate + NADH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
HK1,2,3,GCK,HKDC1 phosphorylate Glc to form G6P (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
PGM2L1:Mg2+ phosphorylates G6P to G1,6BP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP => pyruvate + ATP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Transport and synthesis of PAPS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PAPSS1,2 transfer PO4(2-) group from ATP to APS to form PAPS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
PAPSS1,2 transfer SO4(2-) group to ATP to form APS (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Pentose phosphate pathway (Caenorhabditis elegans)
6-phospho-D-gluconate + NADP+ => D-ribulose 5-phosphate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SHPK phosphorylates Sedo to Sedo7P (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of lipids (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Fatty acid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Arachidonic acid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of Prostaglandins (PG) and Thromboxanes (TX) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PGD2 is reduced to 11-epi-PGF2a by AKRIC3 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
PGH2 is reduced to PGF2a by AKR1C3 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Fatty acyl-CoA biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SCD desaturates ST-CoA to OLE-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of very long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (Caenorhabditis elegans)
HSD17B3,12 hydrogenates 3OOD-CoA to 3HODC-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
TECR,TECRL dehydrogenate TOD-CoA to ST-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
acetyl-CoA + 7 malonyl-CoA + 14 NADHP + 14 H+ => palmitate + 7 CO2 + 14 NADP+ + 8 CoASH + 6 H2O (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroids (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cholesterol is hydroxylated to 25-hydroxycholesterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 24-hydroxycholesterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,24(S)-tetrol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,24(S)-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,24(S)-triol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 27-hydroxycholesterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
4-cholesten-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholestan-7alpha,12alpha,27-triol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,27-tetrol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha,27-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha,7alpha,27-triol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of bile acids and bile salts via 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
4-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
4-cholesten-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
5Beta-cholesten-7alpha, 12alpha-diol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha, 12alpha-triol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
5beta-cholestan-7alpha-ol-3-one is reduced to 5beta-cholestan-3alpha, 7alpha-diol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cholesterol biosynthesis via desmosterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cholesta-5,7,24-trien-3beta-ol is reduced to desmosterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Reduction of desmosterol to cholesterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Cholesterol biosynthesis via lathosterol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
DHCR24 reduces ZYMOL to ZYMSTNL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR7 reduces 7-dehydroCHOL to CHOL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DHCR24 reduces LAN to 24,25-dhLAN (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCR dimer reduces bHMG-CoA to MVA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
HMGCS1 condenses Ac-CoA and ACA-CoA to form bHMG-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of steroid hormones (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Androgen biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
HSD17B3-like proteins reducde ANDST to TEST (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A1 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A2 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SRD5A3 dehydrogenates TEST to DHTEST (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Estrogen biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP19A1 hydroxylates TEST to EST17b (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD17B11 dehydrogenates EST17b to E1 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Pregnenolone biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Reduction of isocaproaldehyde to 4-methylpentan-1-ol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin D (calciferol) metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYP24A1 hydroxylates 1,25(OH)2D, inactivating it (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2R1 25-hydroxylates VD3 to 25(OH)D (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Phospholipid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of PA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
DHAP is converted to G3P by GPD1/GPD1L (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ALDH3A2-1 oxidises HD2NAL to PALM (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B1 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH3B2 oxidises HXAL to PALM (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Glycosphingolipid metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Glycosphingolipid catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SMPD2 and 3 hydrolyze sphingomyelin (plasma membrane) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SMPD4 hydrolyzes sphingomyelin (ER membrane) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
3-ketosphinganine + NADPH + H+ => sphinganine + NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
dihydroceramide + NAD(P)H + H+ + O2 => ceramide + NAD(P)+ + H2O (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
dihydroceramide + NADPH + H+ + O2 => phytoceramide + NADP+ + H2O (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax and plasmalogen biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Plasmalogen biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
DHRS7B reduces GO3P to HXDG3P (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Wax biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
FAR1 reduces PalmCoA to HXOL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nitric oxide: NOS3 activation and regulation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
eNOS activation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYGB dioxygenates NO (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Uncoupled eNOS favours the formation of superoxide (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of nucleotides (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Interconversion of nucleotide di- and triphosphates (Caenorhabditis elegans)
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS2] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
UTP + glutamine + ATP + H2O => CTP + glutamate + ADP + orthophosphate [CTPS] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
dCMP + H2O => dUMP + NH4+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Purine ribonucleoside monophosphate biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
5-Phosphoribosylamine + Glycine + ATP => GAR + ADP + Pi (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
AIR + CO2 => CAIR (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CAIR + Aspartate + ATP => SAICAR + ADP + Pi (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAM + ATP => AIR + ADP + Pi (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
FGAR + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => FGAM + L-Glutamate + ADP + Pi (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
GAR + 10-Formyl-THF => FGAR + THF (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + H2O + NAD+ => XMP + NADH + H+ [IMPDH1,2] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
IMP + L-Aspartate + GTP => Adenylosuccinate + GDP + Pi [ADSS] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
XMP + L-Glutamine + ATP + H2O => GMP + L-Glutamate + AMP + pyrophosphate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CAD hexamer dehydrates N-carb-L-Asp to (S)-DHO (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms CAP to N-carb-L-Asp (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CAD hexamer transforms L-Gln to CAP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
UMPS dimer decarboxylates OMP to UMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Purine catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ITPA hydrolyses ITP to IMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses XTP to XMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ITPA hydrolyses dITP to dIMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Phosphate bond hydrolysis by NUDT proteins (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-GDP to 8-oxo-GMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dADP to 8-oxo-dAMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
NUDT18 hydrolyses 8-oxo-dGDP to 8-oxo-dGMP (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates hypoxanthine to form xanthine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH dehydrogenates xanthine to form urate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyrimidine catabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
5,6-dihydrothymine + H2O => beta-ureidoisobutyrate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
5,6-dihydrouracil + H2O => beta-ureidopropionate (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidoisobutyrate + H2O => 3-aminoisobutyrate + NH4+ + CO2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
beta-ureidopropionate + H2O => beta-alanine + NH4+ + CO2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
thymine + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrothymine + NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
uracil + NADPH + H+ => 5,6-dihydrouracil + NADP+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Nucleotide salvage (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Purine salvage (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-AMP to IMP and methylamine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ADAL1 hydrolyzes N6-methyl-dAMP to dIMP and methylamine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
GMP + NADPH + H+ => IMP + NADP+ + NH4+ (GMPR,GMPR2) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of vitamins and cofactors (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Metabolism of cofactors (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NADPH regeneration (Caenorhabditis elegans)
isocitrate + NADP+ => 2-oxoglutarate + CO2 + NADPH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of fat-soluble vitamins (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of water-soluble vitamins and cofactors (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cobalamin (Cbl, vitamin B12) transport and metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cobalamin (Cbl) metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cob(I)alamin bound to MMACHC is oxidized to cob(II)alamin (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC dealkylates RCbl (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MMACHC decyanates CNCbl (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MTRR reduces cob(II)alamin to meCbl (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of folate and pterines (Caenorhabditis elegans)
5,10-methyleneTHF polyglutamate + NADP+ <=> 5,10-methenylTHF polyglutamate + NADPH + H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH1L1 dehydrogenates 10-formyl-THFPG to THFPG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DHF is reduced to tetrahydrofolate (THF) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR dimer reduces FOLA to DHF (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DHFR2 reduces FOLA to DHF (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFD1 dimer dehydrogenates 5,10-methenyl-THFPG to 5,10-methylene-THFPG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFR dimer reduces 5,10-methylene-THFPG to 5-methyl-THFPG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
MTHFS transforms 5-formyl-THFPG to 5,10-methenyl-THFPG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Nicotinate metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Nicotinamide salvaging (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NAPRT1 dimer transfers PRIB to NCA to form NAMN (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
2xENPP1 hydrolyzes FAD to FMN (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
FLAD1 phosphorylates FMN (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RFK:Mg2+ phosphorylates RIB (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Coenzyme A biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
2xPPCS ligates PPanK with Cys (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
3xPPCDC:3FMN decarboxylates PPC (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY phosphorylates DP-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
COASY transfers an adenylyl group from ATP to PPANT (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DCAKD phosphorylates DP-CoA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Vitamin C (ascorbate) metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYB5R3:FAD reduces CYB5A:ferriheme to CYB5A:heme (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Reversible hydration of carbon dioxide (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Carbonic anhydrase dehydrates bicarbonate (cytosol) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Carbonic anhydrase hydrates carbon dioxide (cytosol) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
The citric acid (TCA) cycle and respiratory electron transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Pyruvate metabolism and Citric Acid (TCA) cycle (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NADPH + NAD+ + H+ [cytosol] => NADP+ + NADH + H+ [mitochondrial matrix] (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Pyruvate metabolism (Caenorhabditis elegans)
LDH tetramer oxidises LACT to PYR (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
LDH tetramer reduces PYR to LACT (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ME1:Mg2+ tetramer oxidatively decarboxylates MAL to PYR (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism of proteins (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Post-translational protein modification (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GDP-fucose biosynthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
TSTA3 dimer reduces GDP-KDGal to GDP-Fuc (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NAGK dimer phosphorylates GlcNAc, GlcNGc to GlcNAc-6-P, GlcNGc-6-P (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Gamma carboxylation, hypusinylation, hydroxylation, and arylsulfatase activation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Hypusine synthesis from eIF5A-lysine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
DHPS tetramer synthesizes Dhp-K50-EIF5A from EIF5A and spermidine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DHPS tetramer synthesizes EIF5A and spermidine from Dhp-K50-EIF5A (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
DOHH:Fe2+ hydroxylates Dhp-K50-EIF5A to form Hyp-K50-EIF5A (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Muscle contraction (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Cardiac conduction (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Ion homeostasis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Neuronal System (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Transmission across Chemical Synapses (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Neurotransmitter release cycle (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Loading of acetylcholine in synaptic vesicles (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
GABA synthesis, release, reuptake and degradation (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GABA synthesis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
PXLP-K405-GAD1 decarboxylates L-Glu to form GABA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Synthesis of GABA by GAD2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Glutamate Neurotransmitter Release Cycle (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC1A1-3,6,7 exchange L-Glu, H+ and 3Na+ for K+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Sensory Perception (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Visual phototransduction (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Retinoid metabolism and transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
AKRs reduce RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11 reduces RBP2:atRAL to RBP2:atROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
The canonical retinoid cycle in rods (twilight vision) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CYP4V2 omega-hydroxylates DHA to HDoHE (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH12 reduces atRAL to atROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RPE65 isomero-hydrolyses atREs to 11cROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
The retinoid cycle in cones (daylight vision) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
atRAL is reduced to atROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Signal Transduction (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Signaling by GPCR (Caenorhabditis elegans)
GPCR downstream signalling (Caenorhabditis elegans)
G alpha (q) signalling events (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Nuclear Receptors (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Signaling by Retinoic Acid (Caenorhabditis elegans)
RA biosynthesis pathway (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ADH1A,1C,4 oxidise atROL to atRAL in vitro (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
AKR1C3 reduces atRAL to atROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDH8A1 oxidises 9cRAL to 9cRA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ALDHs oxidise atRAL to atRA (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH10,16,DHRS9,RDHE2 oxidise atROL to atRAL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH11,14,DHRS3,DRHS4 reduce atRAL to atROL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RDH5,RDH11 oxidise 11cROL to 11cRAL (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Signaling by Insulin receptor (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Insulin receptor recycling (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Endosome acidification (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of small molecules (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Ion channel transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Ion transport by P-type ATPases (Caenorhabditis elegans)
ATP12A:ATP4B exchanges K+ for H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport Ca2+ from cytosol to ER lumen (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
ATP4A:ATP4B exchanges K+ for H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Stimuli-sensing channels (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CLCN4/5/6 exchange Cl- for H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CLCN7:OSTM1 exchanges Cl- for H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9B1/C2 exchange Na+ for H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Iron uptake and transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Ferritin Complex oxidises 4Fe2+ to Fe(3+)O(OH) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Transferrin endocytosis and recycling (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Acidification of Tf:TfR1 containing endosome (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Miscellaneous transport and binding events (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
O2/CO2 exchange in erythrocytes (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Erythrocytes take up carbon dioxide and release oxygen (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ hydrate CO2 to HCO3- (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Erythrocytes take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide (Caenorhabditis elegans)
CA1:Zn2+,CA2:Zn2+ dehydrate HCO3- to CO2 (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Transport of bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Inositol transporters (Caenorhabditis elegans)
HMIT co-transports myo-inositol with a proton (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Metal ion SLC transporters (Caenorhabditis elegans)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC11A2 cotransports Fe2+, H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic cation/anion/zwitterion transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Organic cation transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC22A18 exchanges extracellular organic cations for cytosolic H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Rhesus glycoproteins mediate ammonium transport. (Caenorhabditis elegans)
RhBG mediates ammonium effflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RhBG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium efflux out of kidney collecting duct cells (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
RhCG mediates ammonium influx into kidney collecting duct cells (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Transport of inorganic cations/anions and amino acids/oligopeptides (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Amino acid transport across the plasma membrane (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Bicarbonate transporters (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Na+-driven Cl-/HCO3- exchanger transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
CTNS cotransports CySS-, H+ from lysosomal lumen to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Organic anion transporters (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC17A6,7,8 exchange cytosolic L-Glu for synaptic vesicle H+ (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC25A18,A22 cotransport Glu, H+ from cytosol to mitochondrial matrix (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (Caenorhabditis elegans)
SLC36A1-mediated uptake of glycine, proline, and alanine (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC36A2 cotransports Gly, L-Pro with H+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Proton/oligopeptide cotransporters (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Proton-coupled di- and tri-peptide cotransport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC1A1,2,3,6,7 cotransport L-Glu,L-Asp,D-Asp,H+,3Na+ from extracellular region to cytosol (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Sodium/Proton exchangers (Caenorhabditis elegans)
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at cell membrane) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Na+/H+ exchanger transport (at trans-golgi membrane) (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A6,7 exchange Na+ for H+ across the early endosome membrane (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
SLC9A9 exchanges Na+ for H+ across the late endosome membrane (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Vesicular inhibitory amino acid transport (Caenorhabditis elegans)
H+ [cytosol]
Cellular responses to stimuli (Canis familiaris)
Cellular responses to stress (Canis familiaris)
Cellular response to chemical stress (Canis familiaris)
Detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (Canis familiaris)
NOX2 generates superoxide from oxygen (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX4, NOX5 reduce O2 to O2.- (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
SOD1 catalyzes 2H+ + 2O2.- => O2 + H2O2 (cytosol) (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
KEAP1-NFE2L2 pathway (Canis familiaris)
Nuclear events mediated by NFE2L2 (Canis familiaris)
NFE2L2 regulating anti-oxidant/detoxification enzymes (Canis familiaris)
SRXN1 reduces hyperoxidized PRDX1 dimer (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Drug ADME (Canis familiaris)
Abacavir ADME (Canis familiaris)
Abacavir metabolism (Canis familiaris)
abacavir + 2 NAD+ => abacavir 5'-carboxylate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Atorvastatin ADME (Canis familiaris)
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 2-OH-ATV (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATV to 4-OH-ATV (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 2-OH-ATVL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 monooxygenates ATVL to 4-OH-ATVL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
PON1,3 hydrolyse ATVL to ATV (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Azathioprine ADME (Canis familiaris)
GMPS dimer transforms 6TXMP to 6TGMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
IMPDH tetramers dehydrogenate 6TIMP to 6TXMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6MP, forming 6MeMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
TPMT transfers methyl group to 6TIMP, forming 6MeTIMP (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
XDH oxidises 6MP to 6TU (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Ciprofloxacin ADME (Canis familiaris)
SLCO1A2 transports Cipro(1+) into the cytosol (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Paracetamol ADME (Canis familiaris)
CYP2E1 monooxygenates APAP to NAPQI (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Prednisone ADME (Canis familiaris)
AKR1C1 hydrogenates PREDN,PREDL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4 oxidizes PREDN,PREDL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B1 hydrogenates PREDN to PREDL in hepatic cell (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
HSD11B2 dehydrogenates PREDL to PREDN (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
UGT2B7,2B17,1A3 glucuronidates PRED metabolites (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Gene expression (Transcription) (Canis familiaris)
RNA Polymerase II Transcription (Canis familiaris)
Generic Transcription Pathway (Canis familiaris)
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53 (Canis familiaris)
TP53 Regulates Metabolic Genes (Canis familiaris)
alpha-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP+ => D-glucono-1,5-lactone 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
glutathione (oxidized) + NADPH + H+ => 2 glutathione (reduced) + NADP+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
thioredoxin, oxidized + NADPH + H+ => thioredoxin, reduced + NADP+ (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
TP53 Regulates Transcription of Cell Death Genes (Canis familiaris)
TP53 regulates transcription of several additional cell death genes whose specific roles in p53-dependent apoptosis remain uncertain (Canis familiaris)
TP53I3 oxidoreductase generates unstable semiquinones (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Hemostasis (Canis familiaris)
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation (Canis familiaris)
Effects of PIP2 hydrolysis (Canis familiaris)
Arachidonate production from DAG (Canis familiaris)
2-AG hydrolysis to arachidonate by MAGL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ABHD6,12 hydrolyse 3AG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+ (Canis familiaris)
Platelet degranulation (Canis familiaris)
ABCC4 accumulation of dense granule contents (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Platelet homeostasis (Canis familiaris)
Platelet calcium homeostasis (Canis familiaris)
Reduction of cytosolic Ca++ levels (Canis familiaris)
ATP2A1-3 transport cytosolic Ca2+ to dense tubular network lumen (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Immune System (Canis familiaris)
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system (Canis familiaris)
Interferon Signaling (Canis familiaris)
Antiviral mechanism by IFN-stimulated genes (Canis familiaris)
OAS antiviral response (Canis familiaris)
PDE12 cleaves 2'-5' oligoadenylates (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Innate Immune System (Canis familiaris)
Antimicrobial peptides (Canis familiaris)
Ion influx/efflux at host-pathogen interface (Canis familiaris)
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
ROS and RNS production in phagocytes (Canis familiaris)
HV1-mediated H+ transfer (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Intraphagosomal pH is lowered to 5 by V-ATPase (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NOX2 generates superoxide anion from oxygen (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
NRAMP1 transports divalent metal ions across phagosomal membranes of macrophages (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Metabolism (Canis familiaris)
Biological oxidations (Canis familiaris)
Aflatoxin activation and detoxification (Canis familiaris)
AKR dimers reduce AFBDHO to AFBDOH (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2, 3A4 oxidise AFB1 to AFNBO (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1A2,3A4,3A5,2A13 oxidise AFB1 to AFXBO (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP2A13 oxidises AFM1 to AFM1E (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP3A4,5 hydroxylates AFB1 to AFQ1 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds (Canis familiaris)
ALD3A1 oxidises 4HPCP to CXPA (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type (Canis familiaris)
Eicosanoids (Canis familiaris)
CYP4F22 20-hydroxylates TrXA3 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Endogenous sterols (Canis familiaris)
CYP19A1 hydroxylates ANDST to E1 (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP1B1 4-hydroxylates EST17b (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP21A2 21-hydroxylates PROG (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP39A1 7-hydroxylates 24OH-CHOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP46A1 24-hydroxylates CHOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP51A1 demethylates LNSOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7A1 7-hydroxylates CHOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
CYP7B1 7-hydroxylates 25OH-CHOL (Canis familiaris)
H+ [cytosol]
Sterols are 12-hydroxylated by CYP8B1 (Canis familiaris)
CYP8B1 12-hydroxylates 4CHOL7a,24(S)DIOL (Canis familiaris)
![H+ [cytosol] icon](/icon/R-ICO-012841.svg){kind=icon}