Activin receptors containing the type II receptors ACVR2A/B (ActRIIA, ActRIIB) and the type I receptors ACVR1B/C (ALK4, ALK7) signal through SMAD2 and SMAD3. The phosphorylated type I receptor (ACVR1B/C) phosphorylates SMAD2 or SMAD3. Homodimers or heterodimers of SMAD2 and SMAD3 bind the co-Smad SMAD4 and the ternary complex (SMAD2/3:SMAD2/3:SMAD4) enters the nucleus and activates expression of target genes.
Woodruff, TK, Lee, EJ, Jeruss, JS, Burdette, JE, Kurley, SJ
Wang, Q, Xue, H, Huang, Z, Ju, XL, Jin, C, Han, JD, Chen, YG
Yamada, Y, Tsuda, K, Watanabe, R, Shen, ZP
Klibanski, A, Zhou, Y, Funderburk, SF, Ficociello, LF, Zhang, X, Scolavino, S
Childs, AJ, McNeilly, AS, Anderson, RA, Fulton, N, Coutts, SM, Bayne, RA, Collins, C
protein serine/threonine kinase activity of Activin:ACVR2A,B:p-ACVR1B,C [plasma membrane]
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