Phase II - Conjugation of compounds

Stable Identifier
R-HSA-156580
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Pathway
Species
Homo sapiens
ReviewStatus
5/5
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Phase II of biotransformation is concerned with conjugation, that is using groups from cofactors to react with functional groups present or introduced from phase I on the compound. The enzymes involved are a set of transferases which perform the transfer of the cofactor group to the substrate. The resultant conjugation results in greatly increasing the excretory potential of compounds. Although most conjugations result in pharmacological inactivation or detoxification, some can result in bioactivation. Most of the phase II enzymes are located in the cytosol except UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT), which are microsomal. Phase II reactions are typically much faster than phase I reactions therefore the rate-limiting step for biotransformation of a compound is usually the phase I reaction.
Phase II metabolism can deal with all the products of phase I metabolism, be they reactive (Type I substrate) or unreactive/poorly active (Type II substrate) compounds. With the exception of glutathione, the conjugating species needs to be made chemically reactive after synthesis. The availability of the cofactor in the synthesis may be a rate-limiting factor in some phase II pathways as it may prevent the formation of enough conjugating species to deal with the substrate or it's metabolite. As many substrates and/or their metabolites are chemically reactive, their continued presence may lead to toxicity.
Literature References
PubMed ID Title Journal Year
  Casarett and Doull's Toxicology 5th Edn

Parkinson, A

  1995
11805192 The ontogeny of human drug-metabolizing enzymes: phase II conjugation enzymes and regulatory mechanisms

McCarver, DG, Hines, RN

J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002
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