Defective MTRR does not convert cob(II)alamin to MeCbl

Stable Identifier
R-HSA-3318563
Type
Reaction [transition]
Species
Homo sapiens
Compartment
cytosol
ReviewStatus
5/5
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Defective MTRR does not convert cob(II)alamin to MeCbl
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Methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), in a stable complex with methionine synthase (MTR), catalyzes the reduction of cob(II)alamin to methylcobalamin (MeCbl), the cofactor form required for MTR activity. This reductive methylation reaction uses S adenosylmethionine (AdoMet, SAM) as a methyl donor. MTRR requires 1 FMN and 1 FAD per subunit for activity (Wolthers & Scrutton 2007, Wolthers & Scrutton 2009).

An important role for this reaction in the cell is maintenance of the pool of MeCbl-associated MTR. At a low rate, cobalamin bound to MTR is spontaneously oxidized to form cob(II)alamin. When this happens, MTRR this reductive methylation reaction restores cob(II)alamin to MeCbl (Hall et al. 2000).

Defects in MTRR cause methylcobalamin deficiency type E (cblE; MIM:236270) (Wilson et al. 1999). Patients with cblE exhibit megaloblastic anemia and hyperhomocysteinemia. AdoMet is used as a methyl donor in many biological reactions and its demethylation produces homocysteine. Remethylation is carried out by MTR in conjunction with MTRR but in cblE patients, MTR bound cobalamin cannot be reduced by defective MTRR to form a functional enzyme thus homocysteine accumulates. Mutations in MTRR that cause cblE include Leu576del (Leclerc et al. 1998) and S454L (Zavadakova et al. 2005). In terms of frequency, the most common MTRR mutation is a c.903+469C>T mutation which creates a novel splice site deep in an intron and results in inclusion of a 140 bp insertion in MTRR mRNA (Homolova et al. 2010). Wilson et al. showed that a 66A G polymorphism, resulting in an Ile22Met (I22M) substitution, is associated with susceptibility to folate sensitive neural tube defects (FS NTD; MIM:601634) (Wilson et al. 1999b, Doolin et al. 2002). Serum deficiency of vitamin B12 increased the effect.

Literature References
PubMed ID Title Journal Year
12375236 Maternal genetic effects, exerted by genes involved in homocysteine remethylation, influence the risk of spina bifida

Mitchell, LE, Whitehead, AS, McDonnell, M, Hoess, K, Doolin, MT, Barbaux, S

Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2002
17892308 Mechanism of coenzyme binding to human methionine synthase reductase revealed through the crystal structure of the FNR-like module and isothermal titration calorimetry

Scrutton, NS, Wolthers, KR, Leys, D, Lou, X, Toogood, HS

Biochemistry 2007
15714522 cblE type of homocystinuria due to methionine synthase reductase deficiency: functional correction by minigene expression

Wilichowski, E, Novotna, Z, Hennermann, JB, Mueller, P, Fowler, B, Zeman, J, Horneff, G, Zavadakova, P, Suormala, T, Vilarinho, L, Gutsche, S, Kozich, V, Vilaseca, MA

Hum. Mutat. 2005
10484769 Molecular basis for methionine synthase reductase deficiency in patients belonging to the cblE complementation group of disorders in folate/cobalamin metabolism

Gravel, RA, Wilson, A, Leclerc, D, Rosenblatt, DS

Hum. Mol. Genet. 1999
9501215 Cloning and mapping of a cDNA for methionine synthase reductase, a flavoprotein defective in patients with homocystinuria

Gravel, RA, Dumas, R, Wilson, A, Song, D, Leclerc, D, Heng, HH, Rosenblatt, DS, Gafuik, C, Scherer, SW, Rommens, JM, Watkins, D

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1998
19243433 Cobalamin uptake and reactivation occurs through specific protein interactions in the methionine synthase-methionine synthase reductase complex

Scrutton, NS, Wolthers, KR

FEBS J. 2009
10444342 A common variant in methionine synthase reductase combined with low cobalamin (vitamin B12) increases risk for spina bifida

Gravel, RA, Yang, H, Rozen, R, Wilson, A, Christensen, B, Leclerc, D, Wu, Q, Platt, R

Mol. Genet. Metab. 1999
20120036 The deep intronic c.903+469T>C mutation in the MTRR gene creates an SF2/ASF binding exonic splicing enhancer, which leads to pseudoexon activation and causes the cblE type of homocystinuria

Zavadakova, P, Schroeder, LD, Doktor, TK, Homolova, K, Andresen, BS, Kozich, V

Hum. Mutat. 2010
12555939 CblE type of homocystinuria due to methionine synthase reductase deficiency: clinical and molecular studies and prenatal diagnosis in two families

Zavad'áková, P, Kozich, V, Pristoupilová, K, Suormala, T, Zeman, J, Fowler, B, Zavadakova, P

J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 2002
17477549 Protein interactions in the human methionine synthase-methionine synthase reductase complex and implications for the mechanism of enzyme reactivation

Scrutton, NS, Wolthers, KR

Biochemistry 2007
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MTRR reduces cob(II)alamin to meCbl (Homo sapiens)
Functional status

Loss of function of mutant MTRR:MTR(cob(II)alamin) [cytosol]

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Disease Entity
Status
Disease
Authored
Jassal, B  (2013-04-29)
Reviewed
Watkins, D  (2013-08-14)
Created
Jassal, B  (2013-04-29)
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