Under certain conditions type I IFNs, IFNA/B are able to activate genes through a second STAT-based signaling cascade enabling the formation of p-STAT1:p-STAT1 homodimers called IFNA-activated-factor (AAF).
Cowburn, D, Horvath, CM, Huang, LH, Darnell JE, Jr, Qureshi, SA, Shuai, K
protein tyrosine kinase activity of IFNA/B:IFNAR2:p-JAK1:STAT2:p-IFNAR1:p-TYK2:p-STAT2 [plasma membrane]
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